Pinene Alpha

Tackifiers. SBRs have poor tack, so addition of tackifiers is necessary. The tackifier increases the wetting of the adhesive and also increases the glass transition temperature of the adhesive. Typical tackifiers for SBR adhesives are rosins, aromatic hydrocarbon resins, alpha-pinene, coumarone-indene and phenolic resins. 

Best DJ, NC Floyd, A Magalhaes, A Bnrfield, PM Rhodes (1987) Initial steps In the degradation of alpha-pinene by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11671. Biocatalysis 1 147-159. 

Racemic alpha-pinene will yield racemic verbenol which will give one-half the yield of (-) verbenol. 

Wilson, K., Renson, A. and Clark, J. H. Catalysis Letters 61 (1-2) (1999) 51-55. Novel heterogeneous zinc triflate catalysts for the rearrangement of alpha-pinene oxide. 

Ripperton, L. A., and D. Lillian. The effect of water vapor on ozone synthesis in the photo-oxidation of alpha-pinene. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 21 629-635, 1971. 

German for turpentine) and there are approximately 15000 terpenes. Terpenes are lipophilic, and the building blocks are five-carbon units with the branched carbon skeleton of isopentane. The basic units are sometimes called isoprene (F ig. 11.5fl), because heat decomposes terpenoids to isoprene. Depending on the number of C5 units fused, we distinguish mono- (Cio), sesqui- (C15), di- (C20), tri-(C30), tetra- (C40) and polyterpenoids [(Cs) , with n > 8]. Alpha-Pinene and bor-neol (Fig. 11.56) are examples of monoterpenes. 

Arnts, R. R., Peterson, W. B., Seila, R. L., and Gay, B. W., Jr. (1982). Estimates of alpha-pinene emissions from a loblolly pine forest using an atmospheric diffusion model. 

Acorns calamus L. var. angustatus Besser A. gramineus Ait. A. tatarinowii L. Chang Pu (Sweet flag) (leaf, root) Acoric acid, beta-asarone, yellow bitter aromatic volatile oil, alpha-pinene, d-camphene, calamene, calamenol, calamenone.50,357-450 Anticonvulsant, analgesic, aphrodisiac, carminative, contraceptive, dessicant, diaphoretic. 

Chrysanthemum boreale (Makino) Makino C. indicum L. C. lavandulaefolium (Fisch.) Mak. C. procumbens Lour. C. tripartium Sw. Ye Jiu Hua (Chrysanthemum) (flower, petal) Alpha-pinene, limonene, carvone, cineol, camphore, bomeol, chrysanthinin, yejuhualactone, chrysanthemaxanthin.33 Antibacterial, relieve headache, insomnia, and dizziness due to high blood pressure. 

Daucus carota L. subsp. sative Hoffm. Nan He Chi (Carrot) (whole plant) Carotenes, lycopene, phytofluere, umbelliferone, alpha-pinene, camphene, myrcene, daucol, alpha-phellandrene, bisabolene, luteolin-7-glucoside, daucine, pyrrolidine, geraniol, citronellol, carotol, citral, caryophyllene, p-cymene, asarone, daucosterol, petroselinic acid.48 For chronic dysentery, worms, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, lower blood sugar, prevent cancer, diabetes, dyspepsia and gout. 

Juniperus rigida Sieb. et Zucc. J. rigida Sieb. et Zucc. f. modesta (Nakai) Y. C. Chu Tu Soon (Juniper) (fruit) Alpha-pinene, myrcene, carene, limonene, p-cymene, beta-elemene, caryophyllene, humulene, bomeol, r-cadinene, terpinene, citronellol, anethole.48 Hemorrhage, treat hemoptysis, inflammation, kidney infection, arthritis joint infection. 

Ledum palustre L. subsp. decumbens (Aiton) Hulten Tu Xian (leaf, shoot) Alpha-pinene, camphene, sabinene, myrcene, alpha-phellandrene, beta-pinene, limonene, quinene, isothujene, ascaridol, arbutin ericolin.48 Treat cough, asthma, lower blood pressure, antifungal. 

Oenothera javanica (BI) DC Shui Jin (seed, leaf) Bis (2-ethyl butyl) phthalate, n-butyl-2-ethyl butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, myrcene, alpha-pinene, terpinolene, limonene, beta-pinene, alpha-terpinene, persicarin, petroscelinic aicd.48-50 For plethora, cholera, dysuria, fever, hematuria, influenza, jaundice, metrorrhagia, antivinous, hemostat. Externally for abscesses, cancerous swelling, snakebite. 

N.A. Linalool, proteins, vitamin C, alpha-pinene, terpinene.99 107 A digestive tonic, carminative, and sedative. 

Glechoma hederacea L. China 1-pinocamphone, 1-menthone, 1,8-cineol, isomenthone, 1-pulegone, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, isopinocamphone, limonene, menthol, alpha-terpineol, linalool, p-cymene.48 Febrifuge, anodyne, treat earache, fever, toothache, diuretic, decoagulant, arthritis. 

N.A. Myrcene, sabinene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, cineole, tinnins, diterpenes, resin." This herb is potentially toxic. A tonic, diuretic, antiseptic, for cystitis, relieve fluid retention. 

N.A. Protein, flavone glycosides, shishonin, anthocyanin, perillanin chloride, aldehyde antioxine, citral, 1-limonene, alpha-pinene.100 This herb may be toxic. Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sedative, treat pulmonary and uterine disorders. 

N.A. Alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-limonene.98-99 Mild antiseptic effect, essential oil for asthma, respiratory infections, digestive disorder. 

N.A. Alpha-masticoresin, beta-masticoresin, alpha-pinene, tannins, masticin, mastic acid.99 As an expectorant for bronchial troubles and coughs, treat diarrhea. 

N.A. Alpinia galanga Miq. Volatile oil, alpha-pinene, cineole, linalool, sesquiterpene lactones, galangol, galangin." A stimulant, carminative, prevents vomiting, antifungal. 

N.A. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. P. contorta Dougl. ex. Loud. P. mugo Turra var. pumilio P. palustris Mill. P. strobus L. Bishomophinolenic acid, resins, mallol, bomeol acetate, tannins, vitamin A, vitamin C, galactose, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, anthocyanin.8102 Relieve fever, bronchial and nasal congestion, improve blood flow. Anthocyanin from bark has antioxidant activity, inhibits the enzymes that cause inflammation. 

Capouet, M., Peeters, J., Noziere, B. and Muller, J.F. (2004) Alpha-pinene oxidation by OH simulations of laboratory experiments. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 2285-311. 

Product study and mechanisms of the reactions of alpha-pinene and of pinonaldehyde with OH radicals. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 104 (D19), 23645-56. 

Rohr, A.C., Wilkins, C.K., Clausen, P.A., Hammer, M., Nielsen, G.D., Wolkoff, P. and Spengler, J.D. (2002) Upper airway and pulmonary effects of oxidation products of (+)-alpha-pinene, d-limonene, and isoprene in balb/c mice. Inhalation Toxicology, 14 (7), 663-84. 

Warscheid, B. and Hoffmann, T. (2001) On-line measurements of alpha-pinene ozonolysis products using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometer. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 2927-40. 

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