Sulfate producing barium

Commercially produced barium is analyzed for metallic impurities by means of emission spectroscopy. Carbon content can be deterrnined by combustion, and nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. Total barium can best be deterrnined gravimetricaHy by precipitation as the sulfate. 

In figure 7 a procedure was described for aspirating a sample from a capillary tube and simultaneously adding zinc sulfate and barium hydroxide solutions in order to produce a Somogyi filtrate. Aliquots of the supernatant are suitable for assay for glucose and urea by various procedures. The reason for this is the fact that zinc hydroxide precipitates uric acid, creatinine and other substances, such as low molecular polypeptides, along with the proteins, so that there results a solution which is clear with relatively few components. 

Barium hydroxide decomposes to barium oxide when heated to 800°C. Reaction with carbon dioxide gives barium carbonate. Its aqueous solution, being highly alkahne, undergoes neutrahzation reactions with acids. Thus, it forms barium sulfate and barium phosphate with sulfuric and phosphoric acids, respectively. Reaction with hydrogen sulfide produces barium sulfide. Precipitation of many insoluble, or less soluble barium salts, may result from double decomposition reaction when Ba(OH)2 aqueous solution is mixed with many solutions of other metal salts. 

In an atmosphere of nitric oxide, thermal decomposition produces barium nitrite, Ba(N02)2. Reactions with soluble metal sulfates or sulfuric acid yield barium sulfate. Many insoluble barium salts, such as the carbonate, oxalate and phosphate of the metal, are precipitated by similar double decomposition reactions. Ba(N03)2 is an oxidizer and reacts vigorously with common reducing agents. The solid powder, when mixed with many other metals such as aluminum or zinc in their finely divided form, or combined with alloys such as... 

To produce barium sulfate, barium chloride and sodium sulfate can be used. The barium sulfate precipitate can be filtered off, washed with distilled water and dried. The reaction that has occurred is ... 

Zinc oxide (ZnO), which is produced by burning zinc vapor in atmospheric oxygen, is by far the most important compound of zinc. Under the name of zinc white, the oxide is used as a paint pigment. It is also used as a base in the manufacture of enamels and glass, and as a ruler in the fabrication of automobile tires and other kinds of rubber goods. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is also an important white paint pigment which is used either as such or in the form of lithopone, which is a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate. This widely used pigment is prepared by the metathetical reaction between zinc sulfate and barium sulfide, a reaction in which both of the products are insoluble ... 

Generally, the concentrations of the interfering transition metal ions in the brine are decreased sufficiently by simple adsorption onto the colloidal precipitates of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and barium sulfate produced by conventional brine pretreatment. The brine is then acidified with hydrochloric acid to about pH 4. This helps to maintain a high hydrogen overvoltage on mercury in order to minimize the formation of hydrogen in the... 

To overcome the restrictions of the Barium method, ammonium carbonate was, in some cases, replaced by anionic exchange resins that are less aggressive and enable the treatment of tempera even in the presence of copper pigments. It must be added that the reaction of anion exchange resins is restricted to the surface in contact with the resin. Furthermore, the first-stage transformation producing barium sulfate is left out and barium hydroxide is applied directly. This technique is convenient with the many restrictions imposed by preconsolidation by synthetic resins. 

From biguanide sulfate (synthesis 14) the free base can be obtained by treating a solution of the sulfate with barium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide/ or by refluxing biguanide sulfate with alcoholic sodium ethoxide. The procedure using sodium hydroxide is simple and cheap and produces a satisfactory product. 

Barytes (barium sulfate mineral) is reduced with, carbon at a red heat to barium sulfide, w hich is treated with hydrochloric acid to produce barium chloride. The mineral contains a little iron as an impurity this is removed before the barium chloride is crystallized out. The reduction with carbon takes 2 hours, so you should start as soon as possible and do other work during the heating period. 

Fermented grape skins contain alcohol along with acetic acid, which is the product of the reaction of alcohol with oxygen of the air. The acetic acid reacts with copper to produce copper acetate. This substance is effective against fungi that attack grapes. Copper acetate can also be manufactured by reacting copper sulfate with calcium acetate or barium acetate. Both calcium sulfate and barium sulfate are insoluble and precipitate out copper acetate stays in solution. 

The manufacture of paper and allied products involves the preparation of wood and other raw materials, separation and recovery of cellulose fibers, and blending of the fibers with proper additives to produce furnish , which is formed into paper. The additives include sizing materials such as alum and resins, sodium aluminate, and wax emulsions synthetics, such as acrylics, isocyanates, and fiuocarbons and fillers such as clays, calcium carbonate and sulfate, talc, barium sulfate, aluminum compounds, and titanium oxide. When fillers are used, retention aids (starches or synthetic resins) are added to increase the retention of the filler. 

The produced fluids from all of the producing wells in the field are gathered into a larger stream prior to separation. These fluids contain gas, oil, water and other impurities such as iron sulfide, sulfate scales (barium sulfate, calcium sulfate), sand and other insoluble particulates. While the natural gas is generally easy to separate for the other components, the oil and water that are produced usually exist as an emulsion. It is through the action of the separators (usually with the aid of chemicals) that the emulsion is broken into oil and water. A description of the separation process is as follows. 

Compatibility concerns. THPS is not compatible with oxidizing biocides, but is compatible with most other commonly used nonoxidizing oilfield microbicides such as QACs or glutaraldehyde. THPS is more stable under anaerobic conditions than aerobic conditions. This is due to its tendency of the THP molecule to be oxidized to the phosphine oxide in the presence of oxygen. It works faster in alkaline systems than acidic systems, since the active THP is formed faster under alkaline pH s. In anaerobic oilfields, THPS is extremely stable and has been observed to travel through a formation and reemerge in the produced water (Bryan et al, 1995). Also, being the sulfate salt, solutions of THPS have been observed to react with divalent ions such as calcium and barium in oilfield produced waters to form insoluble calcium sulfate and barium sulfate precipitates. 

A 25.0-mL sample of sodium sulfate solution was analyzed by adding an excess of barium chloride solution to produce barium sulfate crystals, which were filtered from the solution. 

This equation may be interpreted to mean that any soluble barium salt will react with any soluble sulfate to produce barium sulfate. 

A synonym for synthetically produced barium sulfate q.v). Riffault et al. (1874) also give the term hepatite as a direct synonym for baryta white. 

Generally this was a S3mthetically produced barium sulfate, the analogue of the mineral baryte however, barium carbonate was also occasionally sold as blanc fixe (Feller, 1986). 

To test for positive ions, add 300 milligrams of the sample to be tested to water and mix. Filter the slurry and divide the filtered solution into two parts. To one part of the solution add a drop of a saturated sodium sulfate solution. Barium or strontium will come out of the solution as a white precipitate. A flame test on a platinum wire, using the part of the solution that was not treated with sodium sulfate, identifies barium or strontium. A green flame is produced by barium salts and a red flame is produced by strontium salts. To find the quantities of barium and strontium, add sodium sulfate until no more precipitation is formed. Filter and weigh the precipitate. The untreated aqueous solution may be flame tested for sodium and potassium. A yellow and violet flame is produced respectively, although the potassium test is diffcult. NH4 can be detected by an ammonia smell after the solution has been made basic with sodium hydroxide. 

Not all Group 2 compounds get more soluble on descending the group. For example, their sulfates become less soluble - so barium sulfate is much less soluble than magnesium sulfate. (In fact the test for sulfate ions depends on the formation of a white precipitate ofbarium sulfate, produced when barium chloride solution is added to a solution of the compound being tested.)... 

Blanc fixe - Blanc fixe is precipitated barium sulfate for uses where higher brightness and purity and finer particle sizes are required than are generally available with barite. The precm or to blanc fixe is common to most barium compoimds made from barite. Crushed barite is first roasted with coke in a rotary kiln at about 1200°C. This reduces the barium sulfate to barium sulfide in the form called black ash. The hot black ash is quenched in water and cormtercmrent leached to produce a barium sulfide solution. Blanc fixe is produced by treating this solution with sodium sulfate to precipitate ultrafine barium sulfate. This is then filtered, washed, milled, and dried. 

Nitdles may be prepared by several methods (1). The first nitrile to be prepared was propionitdle, which was obtained in 1834 by distilling barium ethyl sulfate with potassium cyanide. This is a general preparation of nitriles from sulfonate salts and is referred to as the Pelou2e reaction (2). Although not commonly practiced today, dehydration of amides has been widely used to produce nitriles and was the first commercial synthesis of a nitrile. The reaction of alkyl hahdes with sodium cyanide to produce nitriles (eq. 1) also is a general reaction with wide appHcabiUty ... 

These rosin-based sizes, whether paste, Hquid, or emulsions, can be used to size all grades of paper that are produced at acid pH. The latter include bleached or unbleached kraft Hnerboard and bag paper, bleached printing and writing grades, and cylinder board. In addition, polyaluminum compounds have been used in place of alum, most notably, polyaluminum chloride (48), which can reduce barium deposits where these have been a problem. The barium chloride by-product is more water-soluble than barium sulfate. Other polyaluminum compounds such as polyhydroxylated forms of alum and polyaluminum siHcosulfate have been evaluated as alum replacements. 

Production. Zinc sulfide production started in the United States and in Europe in the 1920s. Starting in the early 1950s, 2inc sulfide, like most white pigments, was slowly replaced by the more superior titanium white. Zinc sulfide can be prepared by a process similar to the one used to manufacture Hthopone. In the first step, barium sulfide reacts with sodium sulfate to produce sodium sulfide solution ... 

Extravasation of barium sulfate iato the peritoneal cavity through a perforated GI tract can produce serious adverse reactions. When a perforation is suspected, the use of a water-soluble iodinated contrast medium is iadicated. In this case, oral or rectal administration of sodium or meglumine-sodium salts of diatrizoic acid (6) and oral use ofiohexol (11) are the preferred procedures. 

Sodium thiosulfate is determined by titration with standard iodine solution (37). Sulfate and sulfite are determined together by comparison of the turbidity produced when barium chloride is added after the iodine oxidation with the turbidity produced by a known quantity of sulfate iu the same volume of solution. The absence of sulfide is iadicated when the addition of alkaline lead acetate produces no color within one minute. 

OC-Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Complexes. Water-soluble titanium lactate complexes can be prepared by reactions of an aqueous solution of a titanium salt, such as TiCl, titanyl sulfate, or titanyl nitrate, with calcium, strontium, or barium lactate. The insoluble metal sulfate is filtered off and the filtrate neutralized using an alkaline metal hydroxide or carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, amine, or alkanolamine (78,79). Similar solutions of titanium lactate, malate, tartrate, and citrate can be produced by hydrolyzation of titanium salts, such as TiCl, in strongly (>pH 10) alkaline water isolation of the... 

In humans, inhaled insoluble barium salts are retained in the lung (47,49). Inhalation of high concentrations of the fine dusts of barium sulfate can result in the formation of harmless nodular granules in the lungs, a condition called baritosis (49). Baritosis produces no specific symptoms and no changes in pulmonary function. The nodulates disappear upon cessation of exposure to the barium salt. However, it is possible that barium sulfate may produce benign pneumoconiosis because, unlike barium carbonate, barium sulfate is poorly absorbed (21). 

Large amounts of iaert fillers, such as whiting, talc, and clays, can be added. Very dense fillers, such as barium or strontium sulfates, are used to make compounds intended for sound-deadening appHcations. In contrast, high levels of reinforcing fillers, such as carbon black, produce undesirable properties ia the final product. 

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