Titanium white

The Vinland Map, supposed evidence of the Viking discovery of America long before Columbus, was proclaimed a forgery after the detection in the ink of titanium white, a modem pigment (see Pigments, inorganic) (13). Subsequendy, however, after another analytical study, the interpretation of the eadiet results has been questioned, and the matter of authenticity of this unique document stiU remains an open question (14,15). 

Titanium whites resist various atmospheric contaminants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Under normal conditions they are not readily reduced, oxidi2ed, or attacked by weak inorganic and organic acids. Titanium dioxide dissolves slightly in bases, hydrofluoric acid, and hot sulfuric acid. Owing to its chemical inertness, titanium dioxide is a nontoxic, environmentally preferred white pigment. 

Titanium slag and synthetic mtile are also used as raw materials in the production of titanium whites. Titanium slag results from a metaHurgical process during which iron (qv) is removed from ilmenite by reduction with coke in an electric arc furnace at 1200—1600°C. Under these conditions, iron oxide is reduced to metal, melts, and separates from the formed titanium slag. Titanium slag contains 70—75% Ti02 and only 5—8% iron. 

Fig. 3. Flow chart for the sulfate process for production of the pigment titanium white.

To produce the titanium white mtile pigment, the hydrated Ti02 gel prepared in the presence of mtile seeds is calcined at temperatures of 900—930°C. This temperature is quite important because pigments having a particle size of 200—400 nm are produced at these temperatures. When the calcination is carried out at temperatures above 950°C, the particles of Ti02 become considerably larger and do not have optimum pigmentary properties. 

Factors such as reaction temperature, excess of oxygen, water addition, addition of other minor reactants, eg, AlCl to promote the formation of mtile, mixing conditions inside the reactor, and many others influence the quaUty of Ti02 pigment. In general, titanium white pigments produced by the chloride process exhibit better lightness than those produced by the sulfate process. 

Production. Zinc sulfide production started in the United States and in Europe in the 1920s. Starting in the early 1950s, 2inc sulfide, like most white pigments, was slowly replaced by the more superior titanium white. Zinc sulfide can be prepared by a process similar to the one used to manufacture Hthopone. In the first step, barium sulfide reacts with sodium sulfate to produce sodium sulfide solution ... 

Titan-s ure, /. titanic acid. -sMureonhydrid, n. titanic anhydride, titanium dioxide (TiOj). -schwefelsdure,/. titanosulfmic acid, -stahl, m. titanium steel, -stickstoff, m. titanium nitride, -verbindung, /. titanium compound, -weiss, n. titanium white. 

Titanium Dioxide (Titania, Titanium White, Rutile, Anatase, Brookite, Titanic Anhydride, Titanic Acid Anhydride, Titanic Oxide). Ti02, mw 79.90, Selected Parameters of the Allotropic Forms of Ti02... 

Titanium white pigments, commercial production of, 19 388 Titanium white rutile pigment, 19 391 Titanium zinc oxide, 5 603 Titanium-zirconium-molybdenum (TZM) alloy, 17 14-15 Titanocene, 25 118 Titanocene catalysts, 16 19 Titanocene dichloride, 25 105 Titanocene synthons, 25 116 Titanocycles, 25 116... 

Synonyms titanic oxide titanic acid anhydride titanium anhydride titania titanium white... 

What is the composition of zinc white and titanium white Which white paint has better properties—a better hiding ability and an unchanging colour—when exposed to the air for a long time Under what conditions is normal lead carbonate prepared (compare with magnesium carbonate) ... 

Zinc oxide has a wide range of uses apart from its use as an artist s pigment where it provides a more translucent white than flake white or titanium white. It is used in cosmetics, driers, quick-setting cements with syrupy phosphoric acid or zinc chloride in dental cement in the manufacture of opaque glass, enamels, car tyres, white glue, matches, white printing inks and porcelain. The photophysics of zinc oxide has been reviewed.1468 ... 

Titanium Dioxide. Chemically, titanium white is titanium dioxide either in an anatasc or rutile form. 

Titanium whites resist various atmospheric contaminants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Owing to its chemical inertness, titanium dioxide is a nontoxic, environmentally preferred white pigment. 

Zinc Sulfule. Whereas zuic sulfide is important mainly as a component of the composite white pigment lithopone. it also has a limited use as a single pigment After titanium white, it has the second highest refractive index of all the while pigments. However, its chemical and thermal resistances are inferior to those of TlO. ... 

Raw stock a) sealants are produced from elastomers SKTN, SKTN-A, SKTN-B, SKTN-C, or SKTNPh-50, titanium white TS (or zinc white M-l or M-2), iron oxide (Redoxide), silicone liquid GKZh-94 b) compounds are produced from elastomers SKTN, SKTN-A or SKTN-B, arbon white U-333, zinc or titanium white, pigment. 

Fig. 11.2 Infrared spectra of three styrene acrylic urethane paints (/, II, III). S styrene, A acrylic resin, U urethane resin, T titanium white...

Zaho Y, Xing W, Xu N, and Shi J. Hydraulic resistance in microfiltration of titanium white waste acid through ceramic membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2003 32 99-104. 

Tongwen, X. and Weihua, Y. Sulfuric acid recovery from titanium white waste liquor using diffusion dialysis with a new series of anion exchange membrane-static runs. J. Membr. Sci., 183, 193-200, 2001. 

---