Sulfates barium sulfate

A positive LSI means that scaling is favored a negative LSI means that corrosion is favored. It is desirable to keep the LSI near zero (or below) in the RO concentrate to minimize calcium carbonate scaling. This is usually accomplished by feeding acid to lower the pH or feeding an antisealant (see Chapter 8.2.3). Care must be given if sulfuric acid is used to adjust the pH, as this may exacerbate sulfate-based scales, such as calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, and strontium sulfate. 

Barium hydroxid. PotasBium sulfate. Barium sulfate. Potassium hydroxid. 

Figure 17.18 Greater definition is possible in a gastrointestinal X ray when patients drink a thick mixture containing barium sulfate. Barium sulfate is a poisonous substance, but it has such low solubility that only a minimal amount can dissolve in the patient s body. 

Sulfate Barium sulfate—BaS04 Lead sulfate—PbS04 Coprecipitate actinides for counting. Carries radium for counting. Precipitates essentially all ter- and quadrivalent cations i.e., all elements from Pb to Cf in addition to Ba, La, and the light lanthanides (Sill and Williams 1969). 

All sulfates are soluble except calcium sulfate, barium sulfate and lead(ii) sulfate. 

A solution containing 3.18 g of barium chloride is added to a second solution containing excess sodium sulfate. Barium sulfate precipitates (Active Fig. 10.1). (a) Calculate the theoretical yield of barium sulfate, (b) If the actual yield is 3.37 g, calculate the percent yield. 

Barium alumina silicate celsian also may be an antiwetting agent, although is a lower degree than barium sulfate. Barium sulfate transforms into celsian in service in concretes and in phosphate-bonded bricks as well. Celsian is stable until 1,500 °C. 

Copper(l) iodide Lead(ll) iodide Silver iodide Phosphates Calcium phosphate Iron(lll) phosphate Sulfates Barium sulfate Calcium sulfate Lead(ll) sulfate Mercury(l) sulfate Silver sulfate Strontium sulfate Sulfides Bismuth sulfide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt(ll) sulfide Copper(ll) sulfide Iron(ll) sulfide Lead(ll) sulfide Manganese(ll) sulfide Mercury(ll) sulfide Nickel(ll) sulfide Silver sulfide Tin(ll) sulfide Zinc sulfide... 

Deposition of inorganic scale may occur during well production. Depending on well conditions and produced water characteristics, different scale types may form. Often, scale formation is associated with a breakthrough of water production. Common scales include calcium carbonate, iron carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, andiron sulfide. Combinations may also form. Figures 3-2 and 3-3 show well samples of calcium carbonate and iron scale, respectively. 

There are times when the engineer in the field is called upon to identity scale samples. An operator may need to take immediate steps to remove scale from production tubing, flow lines, or other pieces of equipment, and time does not permit submitting a sample of the scale to a laboratory for analysis. The engineer must be able to determine whether the scale is calcium carbonate, iron carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, or a combination of scales. The following procedures outline various methods that the field engineer may use to determine the type of scale in question. 

Inorganic compounds that may precipitate and scale or foul the membranes (such as iron and manganese, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, or silica)... 

Features Inhibits deposition of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, etc. effective over wide range of pH, water hardness, and temps. exc. freeze-thaw stability... 

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