Sodium sulfate solutions

Lehman, T. A. Everett, W. W. Solubility of Lead Sulfate in Water and in Sodium Sulfate Solutions, /. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 797. 

The products of reaction are pumped to a filter press for separation into a sodium sulfate solution and a filter cake having a low moisture content. The filter cake is then ready to be processed for the recovery of lead. The filtrate from the process contains an excess of sodium carbonate, and can be neutralized using the sulfuric acid drained from the batteries. 

The sodium sulfate solution may be discharged or further treated to recover sodium sulfate crystals or converted to other sodium salts for sale. 

In another development (32), the sodium sulfate solution produced during the desulfurization of paste with caustic soda is electrolyzed in a membrane ceU to produce caustic soda and high purity sulfuric acid. The caustic soda is recycled to the desulfurization stage the sulfuric acid, after concentration, can be reused in battery production. 

Sodium alum occurs naturally as the mineral mendo2ite. Commercially, it is produced by the addition of a sodium sulfate solution to aluminum sulfate. Small amounts of potassium sulfate, sodium siUcate, and soda ash can be added to improve product handling and performance. After adjustment of the ratio of aluminum sulfate to sodium sulfate, water is evaporated to give a hard cake ia the cooling pans. This cake is further heated ia roasters and ground to a fineness of 99% through a 100-mesh (- 150 fiva) sieve. 

A sodium sulfate solution which is not freshly prepared ultimately gives a precipitate of small particle size that is exceedingly difficult and tedious to separate by vacuum filtration. 

A mixture of 6/l-chloroandrost-4-ene-3/ ,17/l-diol dibenzoate (223 1.5 g) and lithium aluminum deuteride (0.5 g) in anhydrous ether (75 ml) is heated under reflux for 2 hr and then stirred overnight at room temperature. The excess hydride is decomposed by the careful addition of saturated sodium sulfate solution, and the inorganic salts are removed by filtration and washed with... 

In 200 ml of distilled water was dissolved 10.0 g of the NK631 dihydrochloride (copper-containing form). The solution was poured into a column containing 600 ml of Amberlite XAD-2 packed in distilled water. The column was washed successively with 2 liters of an aqueous solution containing 5% of EOTA-Na, 2.5 liters of a 5% aqueous sodium sulfate solution, and 630 ml of distilled water. 

C03-0136. A chemist needs a solution that contains aluminum ions, sodium ions, and sulfate ions. Around the lab she finds a large volume of 0.355 M sodium sulfate solution and a bottle of solid AI2 (804)3 18 H2 O. The chemist places 250. mL of the sodium sulfate solution and 5.13 g of aluminum sulfate in a 500-mL volumetric flask. The flask is filled to the mark with water. Determine the molarity of aluminum ions, sodium ions, and sulfate ions in the solution. 

Newer secondary recovery plants use lead paste desulfurization to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions and waste sludge generation during smelting. Battery paste containing lead sulfate and lead oxide is desulfurized with soda ash to produce market-grade sodium sulfate solution. The desulfurized paste is processed in a reverberatory furnace. The lead carbonate product may then be treated in a short rotary furnace. The battery grids and posts are processed separately in a rotary smelter. 

Ionics A flue-gas desulfurization process using aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting sodium sulfate solution is electrolyzed to yield sodium hydroxide, sodium bisulfate, sulfuric acid, oxygen, and hydrogen. 

There are several ways to represent reactions in water. Suppose, for example, that we were writing an equation to describe the mixing of a lead(II) nitrate solution with a sodium sulfate solution and showing the resulting formation of... 

Sample preparation is rather involved. A sample of urine or fecal matter is obtained and treated with calcium phosphate to precipitate the plutonium from solution. This mixture is then centrifuged, and the solids that separate are dissolved in 8 M nitric acid and heated to convert the plutonium to the +4 oxidation state. This nitric acid solution is passed through an anion exchange column, and the plutonium is eluted from the column with a hydrochloric-hydroiodic acid solution. The solution is evaporated to dryness, and the sample is redissolved in a sodium sulfate solution and electroplated onto a stainless steel planchette. The alpha particles emitted from this electroplated material are measured by the alpha spectroscopy system, and the quantity of radioactive plutonium ingested is calculated. Approximately 2000 samples per year are prepared for alpha spectroscopy analysis. The work is performed in a clean room environment like that described in Workplace Scene 1.2. 

This ion will form a precipitate when added to a sodium sulfate solution. 

Six hundred and fifty grams of a 60 per cent solution of methyl acrylate in methyl alcohol to which has been added 4 g. of hydroquinone (Note 1) is washed, successively, with 800-cc., 400-cc., and 200-cc. portions of a 7 per cent sodium sulfate solution. The methyl acrylate layer is dried by shaking with 45 g. of anhydrous sodium sulfate for twenty to thirty minutes. The ester is then removed from the sodium sulfate by filtration and used without distillation. The yield is 280-325 g. 

Filter solution and discard the liquid. Wash filtrate with some of the sodium sulfate solution. This will remove an additional 15% non-toxic nitrogen. 

A second precipitation is brought about by adding the sodium sulfate solution. A precipitation time of 45 minutes is required. 

The solution is filtered and the ricin is washed on the filter with sodium sulfate solution to remove additional non-toxic nitrogen. 

This is an exothemiic reaction and a large volume of gas is produced. Great cate must be exercised at this stage to avoid adding the saturated aqueous sodium sulfate solution too rapidly. 

In order to achieve efficient product recovery, it is important to add only sufficient saturated aqueous sodium sulfate solution to change the appearance of the reaction mixture from a gray slurry to a white slurry. At this point the white precipitate settles rapidly when tirring is stopped. 

After the zinc has been removed, the sulfuric acid rich solution is returned to dissolve the next batch of sludge. Over time, the sodium concentrations will read unacceptable levels in the electrolyte. A bleed stream from the zinc cells is constantly being neutralized and filtered. The saturated sodium sulfate solution thus created is crystallized out as sodium sulfate anhydrous for sale to the pulp and paper industry. Table one shows a complete mass balance for a typical batch. 

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