Ethyl sulfates

Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser. 

Nitdles may be prepared by several methods (1). The first nitrile to be prepared was propionitdle, which was obtained in 1834 by distilling barium ethyl sulfate with potassium cyanide. This is a general preparation of nitriles from sulfonate salts and is referred to as the Pelou2e reaction (2). Although not commonly practiced today, dehydration of amides has been widely used to produce nitriles and was the first commercial synthesis of a nitrile. The reaction of alkyl hahdes with sodium cyanide to produce nitriles (eq. 1) also is a general reaction with wide appHcabiUty ... 

Fig. 4. (a) Yam resistance in n-cm vs amount of antistatic agent on the yam. The agent is the ethyl sulfate salt of an amine, (b) Resistance vs amount of nonionic, hygroscopic agent on the yam. Dotted lines are calculated from the specific resistance of the dry bulk solution soHd lines are experimental yam... 

There are two main processes for the synthesis of ethyl alcohol from ethylene. The eadiest to be developed (in 1930 by Union Carbide Corp.) was the indirect hydration process, variously called the strong sulfuric acid—ethylene process, the ethyl sulfate process, the esterification—hydrolysis process, or the sulfation—hydrolysis process. This process is stiU in use in Russia. The other synthesis process, designed to eliminate the use of sulfuric acid and which, since the early 1970s, has completely supplanted the old sulfuric acid process in the United States, is the direct hydration process. This process, the catalytic vapor-phase hydration of ethylene, is now practiced by only three U.S. companies Union Carbide Corp. (UCC), Quantum Chemical Corp., and Eastman Chemical Co. (a Division of Eastman Kodak Co.). UCC imports cmde industrial ethanol, CIE, from SADAF (the joint venture of SABIC and Pecten [Shell]) in Saudi Arabia, and refines it to industrial grade. 

The absorbate containing the mixed ethyl sulfates is hydroly2ed with enough water to give an approximately 50—60% aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The hydrolysis mixture is separated in a stripping column to give dilute sulfuric acid bottoms and a gaseous alcohol—ether—water mixture overhead. The overhead mixture is washed with water or dilute sodium hydroxide and then purified by distillation (63,65,66,68,69). 

Hydrolysis of Ethyl Esters. The hydrolysis of esters (other than ethyl sulfates) is not a commercial route for producing ethanol. An indirect hydration of ethylene actually takes place during the proposed (153) hydrolysis of ethyl sulfite cataly2ed by silver sulfate. 

In another process, ethylene is absorbed ia 90—98% sulfuric acid at 50—85°C and 1.0—1.4 MPa (145—200 psi) to give a mixture of ethyl sulfates. These can be hydrolyzed to ethanol and dilute sulfuric acid. 

Treatment of 49 with a strong base such as sodium ethoxide serves to remove the last proton on the heterocyclic ring. Alkylation of the resulting carbanion with allyl bromide affords aloxidone (50) methyl sulfate on the carbanion gives trimetha-dione (51), while ethyl sulfate yields paramethadione (52). ... 

Ethyl Oxomalonate, 4,27 Ethyl Phenylacetate, 2, 27 Ethyl Propane-i, i, 2, 3-tetracar-boxylate, 4, 20, 77 Ethyl succinate, 6, 10 Ethyl sulfate, 4, 60... 

Nitriles are organic derivatives of hydrocyanic acid in which the substituting group is attached to carbon. Their formula is R.C N. Because most nitriles can be derived from corresponding acid amides, R.CO.NH2, by removal of w, they are called nitriles. For instance, the compd CH3.CN is called acetonitrile because it is derived from acetamide. It can also be called methyl cyanide. The compd C2HS.CN is called either propionitrile or ethyl cyanide, etc The first nitrile to be prepared was propionitrile which J. Pelouze obtained in 1834 by distg Ba ethyl sulfate with K cyanide... 

Ethyl sulfate Flammable liquids Fluorine Formamide Freon 113 Glycerol Oxidizing materials, water Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, the halogens, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid Isolate from everything only lead and nickel resist prolonged attack Iodine, pyridine, sulfur trioxide Aluminum, barium, lithium, samarium, NaK alloy, titanium Acetic anhydride, hypochlorites, chromium(VI) oxide, perchlorates, alkali peroxides, sodium hydride... 

A. (Alternative) 100 g 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, 20 g NaOH, 55 g NaHC03 and 300 ml water and add with stirring 94 ml methyl or ethyl sulfate over twenty minutes and reflux one-half hour. Cool, filter, dissolve the precipitate in a small amount hot methanol or ethanol and cool to precipitate (I) (acidify the filtrate to recover unreacted trimethoxybenzoic acid). 

Reflux 100 g of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (this can be synthesized. Organic Synthesis Collection vol 1, 537 (1946), but it is almost cheaper to buy than to make and it is not that easy to make given the low purchase price) with concentrated sulfuric acid in ethanol for 2 to 3 hours. Cool, filter, recrystallize with ethanol to get the ester. Another method to get the ester is as follows Add, while stirring, over 20 min, 94 g of methyl or ethyl sulfate to 100 g of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzioc acid, 20 g NaOH, 55 g NaHCOs, in 300 ml of water, and reflux Vi hour. Cool, filter, and dissolve this filtered substance in ethanol by heating and cool to precipitate. Filter this precipitate and acidify the filtrate to recover the unreacted 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzioc acid. 

Synonyms Diethyl monosulfate ethyl sulfate sulfuric acid diethyl ester diethyl tetraoxosulfate... 

Propene undergoes little polymerization when treated with 96% sulfuric acid, the chief product being isopropyl hydrogen sulfate which yields isopropyl alcohol on hydrolysis. When 98% sulfuric acid is used, propylene is converted to conjunct polymer. Ethylene cannot be polymerized by sulfuric acid because the stable ethyl hydrogen sulfate and ethyl sulfate are formed attempts to obtain the polymerization by increasing the reaction temperature are unsuccessful because oxidation occurs. 

Arce, A., Rodriguez, O., and Soto A., A comparative study on solvents for separation of ferf-amyl ethyl ether and ethanol mixtures. New experimental data for l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate ionic liquid, Chem. Eng. Set., 61, 6929, 2006. 

Letcher, T.M. et al.. Activity coefficients at infinite dilution measurements for organic solutes in the ionic liquid l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl sulfate using glc at T = (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K, /. Chem. Thermodyn., 37, 587, 2005. 

Ethanol, Etbylol, Ethyl Alcohol or Alcohol (Alcool in Fr, Alkohol in Ger and Alkogol in Rus), CH.gCHaOH mw 46.07, colorless liq, sp gr 0.879 at 20°/4, fr p —114.5°, bp 78.4°, fl p of 95% ale 14°C(57°F), heat of combustion 327.6kcal/mole and heat of formation —66.4kcal/nole, miscible with w, eth, methanol 8c chlf sol in many other org solvents. It is a good solvent for many expls and its mixture with eth dissolves NC of 12%N. Alcohol can be derived from ethylene either by direct catalytic hydration or by means of ethyl sulfate as an intermediate. 

Ethyl Cyanide or Propionic Nitrile, C2H5.CN mw 55-08 colorless, toxic liq with ethereal odor sp gr 0.7829 at 20°/20, nD 1.3664, fr p -91.9°, bp 97.2°, flash p 6l°F (open cup) insol in w sol in ale eth. It can be prepd hy heating Ba ethyl-sulfate with KCN, followed by distillation. It is used as solvent, dielectric fluid andas an intermediate... 

C6Hs mw 242.27, N 11.56% om blades, mp 50—51°. It is prepd from 1-nitrodiphenyl-amine, ethyl sulfate and base Refs 1) Beil, not found 2) F.R. Stoirie ... 

Nitro-N-Etbyl-N-Metbyl Aniline, 02NCHflH4N(CH3XC2H mw 180.21, N13.55% crysts, mp 88° Prepd by beating diethylsulfate with 2-nicro-N,N-dim ethyl aniline to give the quaternary anilinium ethyl sulfate salt which was then heated to give the N-Eihyl-N-Methyl compound 1... 

Industrial ethyl alcohol is produced from petrochemicals. The traditional process involved the hydration of ethylene with sulfuric acid to ethyl sulfate followed by hydrolysis to ethyl alcohol ... 

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