STYRENESULFONIC ACID COPOLYMER

Sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle 71,72,77,79 Spin label 139 Starch 100, 104 —, crosslinked 106 —, graft polymers 105, 107, 125, 127 Styrene 160—162 Styrene-divinylbenzene resins 167 Styrenesulfonic acid, copolymers 74—76 Surface area 147... 

For amines absorption in an acid solution, or preferably adsorption onto an acid ion exchange column (acidified divinylbenzene-styrenesulfonic acid copolymer) is used. 10-50 1 of ambient air is sent over a wet 100 mmx 3 mm I.D. column the ion exchange polymer is put into a vial, made alkaline and the water solution is analysed on packed Carbowax-KOH GC-column with a thermionic selective detector (TSD), which is specific for nitrogen- and phosphorus-compounds. Trimethylamine is detected easily at 1 ppb. 

Figure 6. Synthetic scheme of polystyrene- ra/t-poly-styrenesulfonic acid copolymers.

For aqueous cement slurries a copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and a salt of styrenesulfonic acid has been proposed [1585]. A naphthalene sulfonic acid salt condensed with formaldehyde serves as a dispersant. 

We have some evidence that this theoretical problem is a genuine limitation in the case of a quaternised styrenic monomer which is block copolymerised with NaVBA. This problem can be circumvented in two ways. Firstly, the polymerisation sequence can be simply reversed so that the longer block is synthesised first. If this is the quaternised block, the resulting copolymer cannot exhibit an isoelectric point because the major block is permanently cationic, thus no charge compensation can occur. On the other hand, if the longer block is anionic, then addition of HCl will protonate the acidic monomer residues and at some point an isoelectric point will be attained (unless the acidic block is strongly acidic, e.g. 4-styrenesulfonic acid). 

Figure 8. Dependence of dextrin hydrolysis rates (v) on the substrate concentration in the presence of the block copolymer at 70°C. [Catalyst] = 1.00 X 10 2N. Catalyst (mole ratio of vinyl alcohol to styrenesulfonic acid units in the copolymer) (O) sulfuric acid (%) block copolymer No. 1 (1-4) (A) block copolymer No. 2 (9.8) (A) block copolymer No. 3 (22.1).

VA/VS = mole ratio of vinyl alcohol to vinyl- or styrenesulfonic acid units in the copolymer. 

Polydispersity of the copolymer is still narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.36) whereas it increases to 4.21 in the absence of Tempo, leading to a bimodal molecular weight distribution. Such a process is also applied in aqueous medium [70] for the polymerization of styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn as low as 1.18). 

Polyaniline has been grafted onto the poly(styrenesulfonic acid-co-aminostyrene) backbone using aniline, ammonium persulfate, and hydrochloric acid. The graft copolymer is water soluble and self-doping and can be used in electrical and marine anticorrosive applications. 

This acceleration has been explained by the hydrogen-bonding interaction of the copolymer with the substrate. Poly(p-styrenesulfonic acid-co-acrylic acid) has been found to catalyze the hydrolysis of amylose and sucrose Partially o-benzyl-... 

A similar study was undertaken by Beck Tan et al. on the adhesion between poly(styrene-r-sulfonated styrene) and poly(2-vinylpyridine). In this case, however, the variable was the mole fraction of sulfonated styrene in the random copolymer [95]. The results of the maximum fracture toughness Qc vs. mole fraction of functional groups are plotted in Fig. 51. The reinforcement shows a very sharp maximum with degree of functionalization consistent with the multiple stitching giving rise to short loops poorly entangled with the homopolymer however, in this case as well, the bulk properties of PS are modified by the presence of the styrenesulfonic acid and this could contribute to the decrease in Qc at high levels of functionalization. 

Water can be removed from methanol by a membrane of polyvinyl alcohol cross-linked with polyacrylic acid, with a separation factor of 465.204 A polymeric hydrazone of 2,6-pyridinedialdehyde has been used to dehydrate azeotropes of water with n- and /-propyl alcohol, s- and tort butyl alcohol, and tetrahydrofuran.205 The Clostridium acetobutylicum which is used to produce 1-butanol, is inhibited by it. Pervaporation through a poly(dimethyl-siloxane) membrane filled with cyclodextrins, zeolites, or oleyl alcohol kept the concentration in the broth lower than 1% and removed the inhibition.206 Acetic acid can be dehydrated with separation factors of 807 for poly(4-methyl-l-pentene) grafted with 4-vinylpyridine,207 150 for polyvinyl alcohol cross-linked with glutaraldehyde,208 more than 1300 for a doped polyaniline film (4.1 g/m2h),209 125 for a nylon-polyacrylic acid membrane (5400 g/m2h), and 72 for a polysulfone.210 Pyridine can be dehydrated with a membrane of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and 4-styrenesulfonic acid to give more than 99% pyridine.211 A hydrophobic silicone rubber membrane removes acetone selectively from water. A hydrophilic cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol membrane removes water selectively from acetone. Both are more selective than distillation.212... 

In the case of polyampholytes with a betaine structure (6), the acidic and basic groups are situated along the chain backbone. Dependent on the solubility of polyampholytes near the isoelectric point (lEP), they can be water soluble and water insoluble. For instance, the equimolar copolymers of aminoalkyl(meth) acrylates and unsaturated carboxylic acids are water soluble over the complete range of pH-values. On the contrary, copolymers based on vinylpyridines and acrylic (methacrylic, vinyl- or styrenesulfonic) acid are insoluble at the lEP. As a rule most blockpolyampholytes have a wide region of insolubility. Hydrophobic polyampholytes, the behaviour of which is close to polysoaps , represent the combination of zwitterionic and hydrophobic structures. 

Besides styrene, MMA, BA, or their copolymers, and also less commonly used polymers such as poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA), poly (hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(aminoethylmethacrylate) PAEMA [111], polyethylene (PE) [112], or polyamides [113], were used for the encapsulation of the silica, as reported in the literature. Polyethylene [112] could also be obtained as encapsulating polymer if a nickel-based catalyst which is dispersed in the aqueous continuous phase is used. Here, lentil-shaped hybrid particles with semicrystalline polyethylene or isotropic hybrid particles with amorphous polyethylene are detected. Silica/polyamide hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized by miniemulsifying a dispersion consisting of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) modified silica particles and sebacoylchloride [113] in an aqueous continuous phase where hexamethylene diamine is dropwise added. 

Raeder et al. analyzed the MALDl-TOF mass spectnun of a copolymer containing units of styrene (A) and styrenesulfonic acid (B). They measured the abundances of the MALDl peaks and inserted the intensities into the key equation of the direct approach (see Chapter. 2). They found that = 0.06, which implies that the average degree of sulfonation is 94%. 

Acrylates/hydroxyesters acrylates copolymer Acrylates/PVP copolymer t-Butylacrylate/ethylacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer Isobutylene/MA copolymer Methacrylic acid copolymer Octylacrylamide/acrylates/butylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer Polymethacrylamidopropyl trimonium chloride Polyquaternium-29 PVM/MA copolymer, ethyl ester PVP PVP/d i methylam i noethyl methacrylate copolymer Sodium p-styrenesulfonate VA/butyl maleate/isobornyl acrylate copolymer Vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymer Vinyl... 

Figure 2.12 Structure of self-doped graft copolymer poly(styrenesulfonic acid-g-aniline). (Chemical Communications, 2003,2768, W. J. Bae, K. H. Kim, Y. H. Park, W. H. Jo, reproduced hy permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.)...

A novel monomer (MOBH) which has both epoxy moiety and thermally cleavable tertiary ester moiety in a molecule was synthesized and characterized. Homopolymer of MOBH and copolymers of MOBH with tert-hutyl methacrylate, tert-butoxystyrene or styrenesulfonates were synthesized. On UV irradiation the polymer films containing photoacid generators became insoluble in organic solvents. M en the crosslinked polymer films were baked at 100-220 C, they became soluble in methanol. The effective baking temperature was strongly dependent on polymer structure. The crosslinked polymers having styrenesulfonic acid ester units became soluble in water after bake treatments. 

PEDOT is a widely used / -type semiconductca . Typical applications include hole injection layers in OLEDs and LCD, antistatic coatings, electrically switchable windows, and polymer solar cells. In most of these applications, PEDOT-poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) copolymer is used because of improved solubility, film forming properties and stability [118]. 

Polymerizations of Methyl in,/>-VinylbenzyIsulfonate (MVBS, 9). From concern that MSS might either have too high reactivity in copolymerization with styrene (21) or hydrolyze to styrenesulfonic acid during emulsion polymerization, we synthesized MVBS (9). As an alkylstyrene MVBS should have copolymerization reactivity similar to that of VBC, which forms approximately random copolymers with styrene (22). 

Synonyms POE (20) sorbitan monooieate acetate Definition Acetyi ester of poiysorbate 80 Uses Emuisifier in cosmetics in pharmaceuticals Reguiatory Canada DSL Manuf./Distrib. Somerset Cosmetic Co. Variati Poly (styrene-co-maleic anhydride). See Styrene/MA copolymer Polystyrene, sulfonated. See Sodium polystyrene sulfonate Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt. See Styrene/MA copolymer, sulfonated Polytef. See Polytetrafluoroethylene Polytetradecylmethylsiloxane CAS 76684-67-8... 

Synonyms Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt SSMA Sty-rene/MA, sulfonated Sulfonated styrene/maleic anhj ride Sulfonated styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymer Properties Beige to tan powd. 

Application of LbL in different fields of nanotechnology has led to the use of various types of porous and rough surfaces for multilayer growth. One significant use has been foimd in the field of separation science, that is, development of filtration membranes by modifying the surface of the porous membrane support to improve separation performance and antifouling properties. Some examples of such porous membrane support materials are polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes, membrane of PAN with acrylic acid s ments (poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acdd), porous polyacrylonitrile/ polyethylene terephthalate (PAN/PET) substrates, cellulose acetate membranes, porous ceramic supports, and porous alumina supports. The multilayer materials used for such modifications are listed, but not limited to, common polyelearolytes used for LbL applications, such as PSS, PAH, PDADMAC, PAA, and poly(vinyl sulfate) (PVS) copolymers such as poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) quaternary ammonium salts such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and tetramethyl ammonium chloride as cationic species or nanoparticles such as Ti02. 

The reactivity of a heteroexcimer has been exploited as a means of degrading low concentrations of chlorinated pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated benzenes. Copolymers of vinylnaphthalene and styrenesulfonic acid form water-soluble, miceUar-hke copolymers with a hydro-phobic core. When the nonpolar chloro-compounds are dissolved in aqueous solutions containing the water-soluble copolymer, they are scavenged into the core, where they undergo photodehalogenation. In these reactions, essentially all the incident radiation is absorbed by the naphthalene chromophores, which form heteroexcimers with the polychloro-compound. The pattern of dechlorination is characteristic of electron transfer rather than direct homolysis. 

Radical copolymerization is used in the manufacturing of random copolymers of acrylamide with vinyl monomers. Anionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fu-maric, styrenesulfonic, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro-panesulfonic acids and its salts, etc., as well as by hydrolysis and sulfomethylation of polyacrylamide Cationic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with jV-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, l,2-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinum sulfate, etc. or by postreactions of polyacrylamide (the Mannich reaction and Hofmann degradation). Nonionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylates, methacrylates, styrene derivatives, acrylonitrile, etc. Copolymerization methods are the same as the polymerization of acrylamide. 

Many synthetic water-soluble polymers are easily analyzed by GPC. These include polyacrylamide,130 sodium poly(styrenesulfonate),131 and poly (2-vinyl pyridine).132 An important issue in aqueous GPC of synthetic polymers is the effect of solvent conditions on hydrodynamic volume and therefore retention. Ion inclusion and ion exclusion effects may also be important. In one interesting case, samples of polyacrylamide in which the amide side chain was partially hydrolyzed to generate a random copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide exhibited pH-dependent GPC fractionation.130 At a pH so low that the side chain would be expected to be protonated, hydrolyzed samples eluted later than untreated samples, perhaps suggesting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At neutral pH, the hydrolyzed samples eluted earlier than untreated samples, an effect that was ascribed to enlargement... 

Adsorption of block copolymers onto a surface is another pathway for surface functionalization. Block copolymers in solution of selective solvent afford the possibility to both self-assemble and adsorb onto a surface. The adsorption behavior is governed mostly by the interaction between the polymers and the solvent, but also by the size and the conformation of the polymer chains and by the interfacial contact energy of the polymer chains with the substrate [115-119], Indeed, in a selective solvent, one of the blocks is in a good solvent it swells and does not adsorb to the surface while the other block, which is in a poor solvent, will adsorb strongly to the surface to minimize its contact with the solvent. There have been a considerable number of studies dedicated to the adsorption of block copolymers to flat or curved surfaces, including adsorption of poly(/cr/-butylstyrcnc)-ft/od -sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) onto silica surfaces [120], polystyrene-Woc -poly(acrylic acid) onto weak polyelectrolyte multilayer surfaces [121], polyethylene-Wocfc-poly(ethylene oxide) on alkanethiol-patterned gold surfaces [122], or poly(ethylene oxide)-Woc -poly(lactide) onto colloidal polystyrene particles [123],... 

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