Nonionic copolymers

Radical copolymerization is used in the manufacturing of random copolymers of acrylamide with vinyl monomers. Anionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fu-maric, styrenesulfonic, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro-panesulfonic acids and its salts, etc., as well as by hydrolysis and sulfomethylation of polyacrylamide Cationic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with jV-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, l,2-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinum sulfate, etc. or by postreactions of polyacrylamide (the Mannich reaction and Hofmann degradation). Nonionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylates, methacrylates, styrene derivatives, acrylonitrile, etc. Copolymerization methods are the same as the polymerization of acrylamide. 

Solutions containing 0.15 g/dL polymer and between 0 and 0.342 molar sodium chloride or between 0 and 2.49 x 10 molar calcium chloride show declines in viscosity as salt content increases. Solution viscosity of nonionic copolymers declines, at most,... 

Copolymers. Copolymers have also been studied (16-18). While one comonomer contains 1-2 quaternary nitrogen in a flexible pendant chain, the other comonomer was nonionic. Copolymers of the methyl chloride salt of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (one quaternary nitrogen atom) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and of MDTHD (2 quaternary nitrogen atoms) and DMAEMA, N,N-dimethylacryl-amide (NNDMAm) or dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate (DMAPMA) have been studied and the results summarized in Table VI. 

Nonionic copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidinone also functioned as mineral fine particle stabilizers. 

Figure 1. Yield vs. calcium chloride content per total mass in reactions of the nonionic copolymer.

Wu et al. reported in 1991 [14] the SEC of a nonionic copolymer, such as copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate (VP-VA) with different mole ratios and molecular weights, and a terpolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and vinyl caprolactam (VP-DMAEMA-VC) in both aqueous and nonaqueous systems. For the aqueous system the column set used consisted of four Waters Ultrahydrogel columns of pore sizes 120, 500, 1000, and 2000 A, and the mobile phase... 

Neutralization of ethylene copolymers containing up to 5%-10% acrylic or methacrylic acid copolymer with a metal salt such as the acetate or oxide of zinc, magnesium, and barium yields products referred to as ionomers. (Commercial products may contain univalent as well as divalent metal salts.) lonomers are marked by Du Pont under the trade name Surlyn. These have interesting properties compared with the nonionized copolymer. Introduction of ions causes disordering of the semicrystalline structure, which makes the polymer transparent. lonomers act like reversibly cross-linked thermoplastics as a result of microphase separation between ionic metal carboxylate and nonpolar hydrocarbon segments. The... 

Most VP-based copolymers are also characterized by K value. However, the literature on molecular weights of VP copolymers is very sparse. Wu and Senak reported in 1990 (6) the absolute molecular weights of cationic copolymers of quatemized vinyl pyrrolidone and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate by size exclusion chromatography with low-angle laser light scattering (SEC/LALLS) and SEC with universal calibration (see Table 8). The molecular weights (relative to polyethylene oxide standards) of nonionic copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, a nonionic terpolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and vinyl caprolactam, and anionic copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and acrylic acid were also reported in 1991 (7) by Wu et al. (see Tables 6 and 7). 

Nonionic Copolymers Copolymers of Vinyl Pyrrolidone and Vinyl Acetate (VA) and Terpolymer of Vinyl Pyrrolidone, Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate (DMAEMA), and Vinyl Caprolactam (VQ... 

For PVP, the optimized SEC system is the Shodex linear column KB-80M with 20 80 water-methanol (vol/vol) and 0.1 M lithium nitrate. For low- to medium-molecular-weight nonionic copolymers, such as PVP/VA, the optimized SEC system is a Shodex linear column KB-80M plus a low-molecular-weight... 

Fig. 27. Examples of uncharged monomers utilized in the synthesis of water-soluble, nonionic copolymers.

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