Methyl styrene sulfonate

A terpolymer from a family of intramolecular polymeric complexes (i.e., polyampholytes), which are terpolymers of acrylamide-methyl styrene sulfonate-methacrylamido propyltrimethylammonium chloride [106,1418], has been reported. 

Guiver et al. of National Research Council, Canada developed comb-shaped poly(arylene ether) electrolytes containing 2-A sulfonic acid groups on aromatic side chains (d) [76]. Their membranes showed relatively high proton conductivity and well-developed and continuous ionic domains. However, trade-off relationship between water uptake and proton conductivity of their membranes was not better than that of Nafion. In order to pronounce the hydrophilic/hydropho-bic differences, another series of comb-shaped aromatic ionomers with highly fluorinated main chains and flexible poly(a-methyl styrene sulfonic acid) side chains were developed [77]. The membranes seemed to have better properties than their previous version, however, chemical instability of the side chains needed to be improved. 

Solvent Recovery. A mixture of methanol and methyl acetate is obtained after saponification. The methyl acetate can be sold as a solvent or converted back into acetic acid and methanol using a cationic-exchange resin such as a cross-linked styrene—sulfonic acid gel (273—276). The methyl acetate and methanol mixture is separated by extractive distillation using water or ethylene glycol (277—281). Water is preferred if the methyl acetate is to be hydroly2ed to acetic acid. The resulting acetic acid solution is concentrated by extraction or a2eotropic distillation. 

Lignite can be grafted with synthetic comonomers to obtain lignite fluid loss additives [873]. Comonomers can be AMPS, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylacetate, acrylonitrile, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, styrene sulfonate, vinyl sulfonate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride quaternary, and acrylic acid and its salts. 

Because of the repulsion of the cyanide groups the polymer backbone assumes a rod-like conformation. The fibers derive their basic properties from this stiff structure of PAN where the nitrile groups are randomly distributed about the backbone rod. Because of strong bonding between the chains, they tend to form bundles. Most acrylic fibers actually contain small amounts of other monomers, such as methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. As they are difficult to dye, small amounts of ionic monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate, are often added to improve their dyeability. Other monomers are also employed to improve dyeability. These include small amounts (about 4%) of more hydrophilic monomers, such as -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (Equation 6.69), methacrylic add, or 2-vinylpyridine (Equation 6.70). 

Other monomers have been successfully grafted on polyamide under UV light sources. Hence, organic acids as acrylic (72,73), methacrylic (74), ftimaric (73), itaconic (73), and styrene sulfonic in 25% aqueous solution (73). Methyl acrylate and acrylamide in the presence of photosensitizers (74,75) and acrylonitrile (76) are reported as well. Heterocyclic derivatives as vinyl pyridine and vinyl pyrrolidone under UV light using photosensitizers as benzophenone were grafted on Nylon 66 cloth (77). 

Fig. 5.8 (a) Polymaleic acid (PMA) (b) Acrylimido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) (c) Maleic anhydride (d) Sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS)... 

The structure of the dimers of methyl vinyl sulfone, styrene, and a-methylstyrene indicate that the preferred orientation of the ion-radical formed follows what would be expected from polarization of the 7t electrons of the bond by the attached groups. 

Th-FFF can be applied to almost all kinds of synthetic polymers, like polystyrene, polyolefins, polybutadiene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyisoprene, polysulfone, polycarbonate, nitrocelluloses and even block copolymers [114,194,220]. For some polymers like polyolefins, with a small thermal diffusion coefficient, high temperature Th-FFF has to be applied [221]. Similarly, hydrophilic polymers in water are rarely characterized by Th-FFF, due to the lack of a significant thermal diffusion (exceptions so far poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vi-nyl pyrrolidone) and poly(styrene sulfonate)) [222]. Thus Th-FFF has evolved as a technique for separating synthetic polymers in organic solvents [194]. More recently, both aqueous and non-aqueous particle suspensions, along with mixtures of polymers and particles, have been shown to be separable [215]. 

Julia [8,9] showed that methyl BT sulfone reacts with benzaldehyde in the presence of LDA under Barbier conditions to give styrene in 20% yield. Similarly, the methyl sulfone in the reaction 4-(t-butyl)-cyclohexanone provided the respective methyhdene derivative. 

There is a limited number of polymers for which narrow MWD standards are commercially available polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(a-methyl styrene), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, poly(dimethyl siloxane), polyethyleneoxide, pullulan, dextran, polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt, and globular proteins. In some cases, the standards available cover a limited molecular weight range, so it may be impossible to construct the calibration curve over the complete column pore volume. 

Monomers 4VP, 4-vinylpyridine NIPAAm, jV-isopropylacrylamidc AA, acrylic acid PEGMA, poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate SPE, MAI-dimethyl-AW2-methacryloyloxycthyl-/V-0-sulfopropyl)amm<>-nium betaine AMPS, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid qDMAEMA, quaternary 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate St, styrene HEMA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate HEA, 2-hydro-xyethyl acrylate DMAEMA, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate MAA, methacrylicacid NaSS sodium p-styrene sulfonate AC, [(2-acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride GMA, glycidyl methacrylate NVP, jV-vinylpyrrolidone MAn, maleic anhydride BVE n-butyl vinyl ether AAm, acrylamide DEAAm, MA-diethylacrylamidc DMAAm, MA -dimethylacrylamidc MMA, methyl methacrylate. 

Acrylic fibers are polymers with greater than 85% aerylonitrile content, while those containing 35 to 85% acrylonitrile are known as modaeryhe. Aeryhe fibers eontain minor amounts of other comonomers, usually methyl acrylate, but also methyl methaerylate and vinyl aeetate. These comonomers along with ionic monomers such as sodium styrene sulfonate are ineorporated to enhance dyeability with conventional textile dyes. Modaeryhes usually eontain 20% or more vinyl chloride (or vinylidene chloride) to improve fire retardancy. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSNa) are water-soluble. These polymers behave like a low MW surfactant as they form micelles in aqueous solution in which the hydrophobic part is directed towards the centre and the hydrophilic part is situated on the periphery of the micelle. Owing to such features, amphiphilic block copolymers have wide-ranging applications in drugs, pharmaceuticals, coatings, cosmetics and paints. They also exhibit very high antibacterial activities. Oikonomou and co-workers used ATRP to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers, consisting of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and poly (sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa) blocks [18]. The synthesis methods are described below. 

Fibers prepared from straight polyacrylonitrile are difficult to dye. To improve dyeabiUty, manufacturers invariably add to monomer feed minor amounts of one or two comonomers, such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, and 2-vinyl-pyridine. Small amounts of ionic monomers (sodium styrene sulfonate) are often included for better dyeability. ModacryKc fibers are composed of 35-85% acrylonitrile and contain comonomers, such as vinyl chloride, to improve fire retardancy. 

Copolymerization with other water-soluble monomers is also carried out in a similar manner. Cationic polyacrylamides are obtained by copolymerizing with ionic monomers such as dimethylami-noethyl methacrylate, dialkyldimethylammonium chloride, and vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride. These impart a positive charge to the molecule. Anionic character can be imparted by copolymerizing with monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid, and sodium styrene sulfonate. Partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide, which converts some of the amide groups to carboxylate ion, also results in anionic polyacrylamides. 

Li and coworkers have reported BiuNI-catalyzed allylic sulfonylation of a-methyl styrene derivatives with sulfonyl hydrazides 143 using TBHP (Bu OOH) as the terminal oxidant (Scheme 4.73) [115]. The mechanism of this reaction involves the generation of sulfonyl radicals, Ts, from sulfonyl hydrazides 143 by the BU4NI/TBHP catalytic system, followed by the addition of Ts to a-methyl styrene derivatives 142 to give the corresponding allylic sulfones 144. 

PNMA, poly(N-methylaniline) PANI, poly(aniline) PEDOT, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene PSS, poly(styrene-sulfonate), PPy, poly(pyrrole) PEO, poly(ethylene oxide) DBSA, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid CSA, camphor sulfonic acid PTSA, poly(o-toluene sulfonic acid) PFOA, perfluoro-octanolc acid TSA, toluene sulfonic acid CNF, carbon nanofiber SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotube NP, nanoparticle MWCNT, multiwalled carbon nanotube PTh, poly(thlphene) CNT, carbon nanotube POA, poly(o-anisidine) SPANI, poly(anilinesulfonlcacld) PB, Prussian Blue DAB, 1,2-diamino benzene POEA, poly(o-ethoxyanlllne) PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate). 

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