Stomach insecticide

Uses Contact and stomach insecticide with slight systemic properties used against Alticinae, Cicadellidae, Coleoptera, Dermateptera, Jassidae, Lepidoptera, Miridae, Tipula spp. cotton, vegetables, and fruit crops (Worthing and Hance, 1991). 

Uses Contact and stomach insecticide used to control mosquito larvae, house flies, ectoparasites on cattie, sheep, and goats recommended for use in dairy barns. Effective against a wide variety of pests in fieid, forage, fruit, and vegetabie crops. Methoxychior is aiso used to controi househoid and industriai pests (Worthing and Hance, 1991). 

Mirex was first synthesized in 1946 but it was not introduced as a pesticide against hymenopterous insects, especially ants, until 1959 (Smith, 1991). Technical grade mirex consists of approximately 95% mirex and less than 2.5% chlordecone, mostly kepone (Eisler, 1985). Mirex is a stomach insecticide with little contact activity. The main use of mirex was against the imported fire ants in the south-eastern United States (WHO, 1984b). It has also been used to control leaf cutters in South America, harvester termites in South Africa, Western harvester ants in the United States, the pineapple mealy bug in Hawaii and it was proposed to have been used against yellow jacket wasps in the United States (WHO, 1995). Under the trade name of Dechlorane, mirex was used as a fire retardant in electronic components, fabrics, rubber, plastics and electrical goods (Eisler, 1985 WHO, 1995). 

Parathion acts as a contact and stomach insecticide. It has no systemic effect, but it penetrates a certain distance from the sprayed surface into the leaf tissues (Frohberger, 1949 O Brien and Smith, 1961). The range of action of parathion is very broad in this respect it is foremost among the phosphorus ester insecticides. About four-hundred pests are known which can controlled effectively with parathion. In addition to its insecticidal action, it is also an effective ovicide. 

Fenthion is a rapidly acting contact and stomach insecticide with a very low phytotoxicity, and can therefore be used in cultures sensitive to other insecticides. 

Wellinga and associates reported the development of 3-aryl-2-pyrazolines acting as powerful stomach insecticides. From the point of view of biological activity and economic aspects 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1 -(4-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)-2-pyrazoline (PH 60-41,8) appeared to be the most promising (Mulder et al., 1975 Wellinga et al, 1977). 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO, CO2, NOx, hydrogen chloride gas, hydrogen cyanide Uses Contact and stomach insecticide active against a wide variety of insect pests in cereals, fruits, cotton, forestry, oilseeds, tobacco, vegetables, vines in public health and veterinary applies. ectoparasiticide Trade Name Synonyms Cipermetrina [Canamex http //www. canamex. com.mx] o-Cypermethrin CAS 67375-30-8... 

Diethyl-0-2-quinoxalylthiophosphate Phosporothioic acid, 0,0-diethyl 0-(2-quinoxalinyl) ester Empirical C12H15N2O3PS Properties M.w. 298.32 dens. 1.235 m.p. 31-32 C b.p. 142 C ref. index 1.5624 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 26 mg/kg, (skin, rat) 300 mg/kg poison by ing., inh., skin contact, parenteral and IP routes experimental reproductive effects mutagen TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of NO, POx, and SOx Uses Contact and stomach insecticide acaricide... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of F and Na20 Uses Electrolytes for alumina reduction into aluminum flux for refining and remelting metals and for porcelain enamel prod. pesticide stomach insecticide abrasive mfg. additive... 

Quinolizidine alkaloids are found in many species of the Fabaceae, Ber-beridaceae, Leguminosae, and Solanaceae and are derived from lysine (67, 68). Some quinolizidine alkaloids are very toxic insecticides that have the potential of commercial use for the control of insects. For example, the alkaloid ryanodine, which is found in the stems and roots of Ryania speciosa, is effective as both an insect contact and stomach insecticide and is particularly effective against Lepidoptera. It has been used to control the codling moth without affecting parasites and predators of the moth (69). 

Aldrin is insecticidally active as a contact and stomach poison against a wide range of soil pests. It is non-phytotoxic and does not cause taint. Aldrin is toxic to humans and animals and is now less used. 

Baculovimses, especially nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) and granulosis viruses (GV), appear to be exceptionally well suited for IPM because of their extreme insect specificity. They are stomach poisons and are slow-acting. In vitro production is difficult and the products are more expensive than the bacterial insecticides. Their high host specificity is viewed as a commercial disadvantage, and improvements in formulations and appHcation techniques are needed. 

Neonicotinoids are potent broad-spectrum insecticides that exhibit contact, stomach and systemic activity. Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid are representatives of the neonicotinoid insecticides (Figure 1). The mechanism of action is similar to that of nicotine, acting on the central nervous system causing irreversible blocking of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Neonicotinoid insecticides are often categorized as antagonists of the... 

Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide with outstanding systemic activities and a broad insecticidal spectrum. Acetamiprid controls diverse soil and foliar insect pests infesting cotton, sugar beet, vegetables, fruits and other major food crops by both contact and stomach action... 

Azinphos-methyl is unstable in basic conditions and can degrade to benzazimide, hydroxymethyl-benzazimide, mercaptomethylbenzazimide or bis(benzazimide-A/-methyl) sulfide Azinphos-methyl is an organophosphorus insecticide used to control chewing and sucking mites and insects such as aphids and scale. Azinphos-methyl has both contact and stomach action. Azinphos-methyl is a cholinesterase inhibitor and interferes with the nervous system... 

The balance of the compounds in Table VIII support the earlier statement that any compound containing fluorine is toxic to moths. These fluorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, acids, sulfonic acids, and sulfones probably act against moths as stomach poisons. The fluorosulfonic acid derivatives and the sulfone with a fluorinated substituent were key compounds whose toxicity to moths laid the groundwork for the deductions which led to the synthesis and testing of DDT as an insecticide. 

Faerman I.S. 0 funktsional nom sostoyanii pecheni i zheludka u lits, zanyatykh proizvod-stvom fosfororganicheskikh insektitsidov (On the Functional State of the Liver and Stomach in People Producing Organophosphorous Insecticides) // Terapevt. (Therapist) archives. 1965. Vol. 37. Issue 5. P. 51-54. 

Stokes number (Stk), 22 57, 23 184, 190 in depth filtration theory, 77 340 Stokes Raman scattering, 27 322 Stokes scatter, 76 485-486 Stokes shifts, 20 512 Stomach poison insecticides, 74 339... 

Uses Widely used as a pesticide in the U.S. until it was banned in 1972 chemical research nonsystemic stomach and contact insecticide. 

Paul Hermann Muller received a degree in chemistry and worked for the J. R. Geigy Corporation, which later became part of Novartis (McGrayne 2001). Geigy specialized in dyestuffs for woolens. Chemists at the company discovered a chlorinated hydrocarbon compound that protected woolens from clothes moths, but it was a stomach poison. Geigy then searched for other insecticides that killed other pests. Natural insecticides made from plants include pyrethrum from chrysanthemum, rotenone from a tropical... 

Many insects lay their eggs on the crop towards the top of the plant and the egg hatches with the neonate larva eating its way out of the shell. In many cases the larva then penetrates the crop and will not come into contact with the insecticides sprayed onto the surface of the crop. If, however, it has to walk over a treated area then it will pick up a dose of the compound and, if it is contact active, it will succumb. In addition, if a compound is stomach active the insect must feed to acquire a toxic dose and in feeding it will damage the crop. This is very important for high value fruit and vegetable crops. 

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