Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses

Baculovimses, especially nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) and granulosis viruses (GV), appear to be exceptionally well suited for IPM because of their extreme insect specificity. They are stomach poisons and are slow-acting. In vitro production is difficult and the products are more expensive than the bacterial insecticides. Their high host specificity is viewed as a commercial disadvantage, and improvements in formulations and appHcation techniques are needed. 

Most of the viral vectors were constructed using (1) the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), which is able to infect moth species, Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cell lines and, in specific conditions, Drosophila cells (2) the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), which is able to infect silkworm cells. To broaden the range of infection of hosts, a hybrid virus was generated [118,119]. 

Kondo, A. and Maeda, S. (1991) Host range expansion by recombination of the baculoviruses Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Journal of Virology, 65 (7), 3625-3632. 

Gothama AAA, Lawrence GW, Sikorowski PP. Activity and persistence of Steinemema carpocapsae and Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus against S. exigua larvae on soybean. J Nematol. 1996 28 68-74. 

Baculoviruses are members of a large group of double-stranded DNA viruses which only infect invertebrates, including insects. The restricted host range makes baculoviruses safer than mammalian expression systems. The most widely used baculoviruses are Autographa califor-nica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The host cell most commonly used is Sf9, derived from the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda. 

Baculovirus expression is the most frequently used method for expression in insect cells and employs Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), a double stranded (ds) DNA virus that infects arthropods. The baculovirus expression system utilizes features of the viral life cycle to introduce recombinant DNA coding the gene of interest into insect cells (Miller, 1988 O Reilly et al, 1992). 

Ayres, M. D., Howard, S. C., Kuzio, J., Lopez-Perber, M., and Possee, R. D. (1994). The complete DNA sequence of Autographa caUfornica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology 202,586-605. 

Xu, X. and Jones, I. M. (2004). Rapid parallel expression in E. coli and insect cells analysis of five lef gene products of the Autographa califomica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). Virus Genes 29,191-197. 

AcMNPV Autographa californica Multicapsid Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus... 

The Baculoviridae are a family of large enveloped DNA viruses that are characterised by rod-shaped nucleocapsids and relatively large double stranded DNA genomes. Autographa californica Multicapsid Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (AcMNPV) is the baculovirus most currently used as vector for protein production with insect cells. Several reviews are available describing baculovirus structure and its molecular biology [6-8]. 

Maeda, S. (1984) A plaque assay and cloning of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Seric. Sci.Jpn. 53, 547-548. 

JTru.vr.v. There are epidemics caused by viruses, which occur periodically in the inseel populations and llius naturally help tn check their spread, Entomologists would like to lind ways of infecting pesi insects before they can cause serious damage. Most inseel viruses are specitie for a Tevs closely related hosts. The general sirueture of ihe viral particles includes UNA plus protein, all imbedded in a protein matrix. They arc termed nuclear polyhedrosis virus tNPVi The viruses spread when larvae eat contaminated loliuge. 

Baculovirus Subgroup A, nuclear polyhedrosis virus Baculovirus Subgroup B, granulosis virus Baculovirus Subgroup C, nonoccluded virus... 

Ignoffo, C. M., Shasha, B. S., and Shapiro, M., Sunlight ultraviolet protection of the Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus through starch-encapsulation technology, J. Invertebrate Pathol., 57, 134, 1991. 

Belloncik S, Akoury WE, Cheroutre M (1997), Importance of cholesterol for nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) replication in cell cultures adapted to serum-free medium, In Maramorosh K, Mitsubashi J (Eds), Invertebrate Cell Culture Novel Directions and Biotechnology Applications, Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, pp. 141-147. 

Bilimoria SL, Demirbag Z, Ng FI (1992), Abortive cell culture infections of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses as model systems for host specificity, Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 27 123-141. 

Bischoff DS, Slavicek JM (1997a), Molecular analysis of an enhancing gene in the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus, J. Virol. 71 8133-8140. 

Carpenter WM, Bilimoria SL (1983), A semi-permissive nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection characterization of infection kinetics and morphogenesis, Virology 130 227-231. 

Carstens EB (1982), Mapping the mutation site of an Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedron morphology mutant, J. Virol. 43 809-818. 

Castro MEB, Souza ML, Araujo S, Bilimoria, SL (1997), Replication of Anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus in four lepidopteran cell lines, T. Invertebr. Pathol. 69 40-45. 

Elam P, Vail PV, Schreiber F (1990), Infectivity of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus extracted with digestive fluids of Heliothis zea, Estigmene acrea, and carbonate solutions,]. Invertebr. Pathol. 55 278-283. 

Fraser MJ, Smith GE, Summers MD (1983), Acquisition of host cell DNA sequences by baculovirus relationship between host DNA insertion and FP mutants of Autographa californica and Galleria mellonella nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Virology 47 287-300. 

Harrap KA (1972), The structure of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. Ill Virus assembly, Virology 50 133-139. 

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