Phosphorus ester

Treat the distillate with 2 drops of glacial acetic acid (to destroy the phosphorus esters present) and redistil using the same apparatus as before except that the separatory funnel is replaced by a thermometer. Collect the liquid which passes over at 50-56°. Transfer the acetyl chloride to a weighed glass-stoppered bottle (since cork and rubber stoppers are attacked) and determine the weight. The yield is 22 g. 

R. D. O Brien, Toxic Phosphorus Esters, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1960. 

While melamine is widely used in flexible foams as a fire-retardant, trichlorphenyl phosphate has been the preferred agent for use in rigid foams. However, the introduction of specifications stipulating halogen-free additives has led to a search for alternatives such as halogen-free phosphorus esters, red phosphorus and ammonium polyphosphate. 

Phillips Chemical Company, See Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 243 Phillips Petroleum Company, 243 Phorate, 105 PHORIL , phorate, 105 PHOSFLEX , phosphorus esters, 105 Phosgene, 105... 

In contrast to phosphorus esters, sulfur esters are usually cleaved at the carbon-oxygen bond with carbon-fluorine bond formation Cleavage of esteri nf methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesidfonic acid, and especially trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid (tnflic acid) by fluoride ion is the most widely used method for the conversion of hydroxy compounds to fluoro derivatives Potassium fluoride, triethylamine trihydrofluoride, and tetrabutylammonium fluoride are common sources of the fluoride ion For the cleavage of a variety of alkyl mesylates and tosylates with potassium fluoride, polyethylene glycol 400 is a solvent of choice, the yields are limited by solvolysis of the leaving group by the solvent, but this phenomenon is controlled by bulky substituents, either in the sulfonic acid part or in the alcohol part of the ester [42] (equation 29)... 

Cellulosic, polyester, and acrylic fibers lubricated with a surfactant-based oiling composition containing an organic phosphorus ester neutralized with an amine showed less pilling, good antistatic properties, and anticorrosiveness. The phosphorus ester salts were hexyl phosphate trimethylamine salt, dodecamethy-lene caproate phosphonate ethylamine salt, and polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether phosphate dimethylamine salt [262]. 

Scheme 5.25 Phosphorus esters as alternative substrates for peptidases.

There has been controversy over the mechanism of hydrolysis of ethylene methyl phosphate and investigations into the nature of metaphosphate and its role in the hydrolysis of phosphorus esters have continued. Elegant experiments relating to each of these problems have been reported. 

Trimethylplatinum(IV) azide tetramer See Dodecamethyltetraplatinum(IV)azide Trimethyl phosphite See other phosphorus esters... 

See related phosphorus esters See other catalytic impurity incidents... 

See other ALLYL COMPOUNDS, PHOSPHORUS ESTERS, POLYMERISATION INCIDENTS 2457. Cyclohexane... 

See Other INDUCTION PERIOD INCIDENTS, PHOSPHORUS ESTERS... 

At an early stage in the preparation of methyl parathion, it is supposed that the phosphorus ester was being chlorinated to give dimethyl thionophosphorochlori-date. Thermocouple failure indicated a low reaction temperature and the process controller boosted the chlorine feed rate, but when this fault situation was realised, the chlorine flow and agitator were stopped. However, an exothermic runaway reaction developed, eventually leading to a violent explosion. 

Cohen, L., P.B. Coulter, and B.M. Zeffert. "Thickened Phosphorus Esters," United States Patent... 

Bellet, E.M. and J.E. Casida. "Bicyclic Phosphorus Esters. High Toxicity without Cholinesterase Inhibition." Science 182 (1973) 1135-36. 

Kimmerle, G., A. Een, P. Groning, and J. Thyssen. "Acute Toxicity of Bicyclic Phosphorus Esters." Archivfuer Toxikologie 35 (1976) 149-52. 

Inmost instances, a haloorganic subject to either SN2 displacement reaction or SN1 substitution is heated at reflux with the trivalent phosphorus ester with the concomitant formation of the valence-expanded organophosphorus compound and haloorganic by-product, as illustrated with an example in Equation 3.1. 

Different options are available depending on the particular result desired. Other approaches toward conversion of phosphorus esters to the corresponding acid chlorides have been reviewed.22... 

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