Stokes-Raman scattering

Raman scattering and (b) anti-Stokes Raman scattering. In Stokes scattering, tlie cluomophore is initially in the ground vibrational state, g, and oi > CO2. hr spontaneous anti-Stokes scattering, the cluomophore must be initially m an excited vibrational state,/ Also note that in (b), M2 is (arbitrarily) defined as being greater than... 

Depending on the relative phase difference between these temis, one may observe various experimental spectra, as illustrated in figure Bl.5.14. This type of behaviour, while potentially a source of confiision, is familiar for other types of nonlinear spectroscopy, such as CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering) [30. 31] and can be readily incorporated mto modelling of measured spectral features. 

It was predicted in 1923 by Smekal and shown experimentally in 1928 by Raman and Krishnan that a small amount of radiation scattered by a gas, liquid or solid is of increased or decreased wavelength (or wavenumber). This is called the Raman effect and the scattered radiation with decreased or increased wavenumber is referred to as Stokes or anti-Stokes Raman scattering, respectively. 

All three terms in this equation represent scattering of the radiation. The first term corresponds to Rayleigh scattering of unchanged wavenumber v, and the second and third terms correspond to anti-Stokes and Stokes Raman scattering, with wavenumbers of (v + 2v () and (v — 2v () respectively. 

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy... 

Figure 9.22 Experimental arrangement for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering...

Fig. 0.4. Experimental nitrogen Q-branch of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrum (CARS) measured at 700 K and different pressures [14].

The present study demonstrates that the analytic calculation of hyperpolarizability dispersion coefficients provides an efficient alternative to the pointwise calculation of dispersion curves. The dispersion coefficients provide additional insight into non-linear optical properties and are transferable between the various optical processes, also to processes not investigated here as for example the ac-Kerr effect or coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), which depend on two independent laser frequencies and would be expensive to study with calculations ex-plictly frequency-dependent calculations. 

Ichimura, T, Hayazawa, N., Hashimoto, M., Inouye, Y. and Kawata, S. (2004) Tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for vibrational nano-imaging. Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 220801. 

Zumbusch, A., Holtom G. R. and Xie, X. S. (1999) Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Phys. Rev Lett., 82, 4142-4145. 

Pott, A., Dork, T., Uhlenbusch, J. et al. (1998) Polarization-sensitive coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering applied to the detection of NO in a microwave discharge for reduction of NO, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 31, 2485-98. 

Figure 1. Energy level diagram for Raman scattering, (a) Stokes Raman scattering, and (b) anti-Stokes Raman scattering.

The nonlinear optical properties are determined using resonance Raman scattering, coherent antistokes Raman scattering and coherent stokes Raman scattering. The two-photon polarizability is found to be very large in these materials. General... 

In order to extend the range of 2laser excitation, both CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering) and CSRS (Coherent Stokes Raman Scattering) are used. In both cases <03 = 2003 -U2 In the CARS mode 0)3 > wj > (03 in the CSRS mode <02 > (1)3. One-photon resonance effects are the same in both cases as described later. Phase matching is also the same in both cases with 3 = 2 ... 

Coherency strains, 13 501 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), 21 328 Cohesive energy, 23 90 Coho salmon, common and scientific names, 3 187t... 

Stokes number (Stk), 22 57, 23 184, 190 in depth filtration theory, 77 340 Stokes Raman scattering, 27 322 Stokes scatter, 76 485-486 Stokes shifts, 20 512 Stomach poison insecticides, 74 339... 

K. J. Willis, A. G. Szabo, and D. T. Krajcarski, The use of Stokes Raman scattering in time correlated single photon counting Application to the fluorescence lifetime of tyrosinate,... 

S.-X. Qian, J. B. Snow, and R. K. Chang, Coherent Raman mixing and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering from individual micrometer-sized droplets, Opt. Lett. 10, 499-501 (1985). 

Figure 1.16 The energy-level scheme to account for Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering.

Figure 7.1 Energy level diagram Illustrating changes that occur in IR, normal Raman, resonance Raman, and fluorescence. Notation on the figure stands for Rayleigh scattering (R), Stokes Raman scattering (S), and anti-Stokes Raman scattering (A). Reprinted from Ferraro et al. (2003) [4] with permission from Elsevier.

Djaker, N., Lenne, P. F., Marguefi D., Colonna, A., Hadjur, C., and Rigneault, H. 2007. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy Instrumentation and applications. Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. A 571 177-81. 

---