Sprinkler

Intermetallic compounds with gallium are used as semiconductors. Indium is used to coat other metals to protect against corrosion, especially in engine bearings it is also a constituent of low-metal alloys used in safety sprinklers. The toxicity of thallium compounds has limited the use of the metal, but it does find use as a constituent of high-endurance alloys for bearings. 

The next step is to apply a number of loss control credit factors such as process control (emergency power, cooling, explosion control, emergency shutdown, computer control, inert gas, operating procedures, reactive chemical reviews), material isolation (remote control valves, blowdown, drainage, interlocks) and fire protection (leak detection, buried tanks, fire water supply, sprinkler systems, water curtains, foam, cable protection). The credit factors are combined and appHed to the fire and explosion index value to result in a net index. 

These ahoys are used as fuses, sprinkler system ahoys, foundry pattern ahoys, molds, dies, punches, cores, and mandrels where the low melting ahoy is often melted out of a mold. The ahoys are also used as solders, for the repHcation of human body parts (see Prosthetic devices), and as filler for tube bending. Lead—iadium ahoys are often used to joia metals to glass. 

The layout should ensure that exhausts are not placed close to fresh air intakes and that fire sprinkler protection for present and future requirements, eg, under stairs, storage racks, overhangs, covered walks, etc, is available. AH facility equipment must be stmcturaHy secured as well as freeze protected. 

Fire-detection devices such as flame-sensing or ioni2ation-interference types operate much more rapidly than sprinkler heads and are used extensively both as alarms and to activate fixed fire-extinguishing systems. 

Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) is used in higher temperature apphcations such as hot-water piping. Because of its superior creep resistance, CPVC is also used in automated fire-safety sprinkler systems. 

The fire death rate in the United States is decreasing, dropping from a rate of 76 per million in the 1940s, when most constmction and decorative products were made of natural materials, to 29 per million in the 1980s, by which time, PVC had replaced natural materials in numerous appHcations (189). This downward trend can be attributed in large part to improved building codes and the broader use of sprinkler systems and smoke detectors. However, the increased use of more fire-resistant materials, such as PVC, deserves part of the credit for this improvement. 

In addition, the copper industry s market development activities have resulted in appHcations such as clad ship hulls, sheathing for offshore platforms, automotive electrical systems including electric vehicles, improved automobde radiators, solar energy, fire sprinkler systems, parts for fusion reactors, semiconductor lead frames, shape memory alloys, and superconducting ceramics (qv) containing copper oxides. 

If an ethyl ether fire occurs, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, and dry chemical fire extinguishers meeting National Eire Prevention Association Code 1 and 2 requirements may be used successhiUy (23). Water may also be effectively appHed (see Plant safety). Hose streams played into open tanks of burning ethyl ether serve only to scatter the Hquid and spread the fire. However, ether fires may be extinguished by a high pressure water spray that cools the burning surface and smothers the fire. Automatic sprinklers and deluge systems are also effective. 

Fine water spray systems may be potentially superior to CO9 apphcations and may replace halon environments such as telephone central offices and computer rooms. In the fine spray dehveiy system, water is delivered at relatively high pressure (above 100 psi [0.689 MPa]) or by air atomization to generate droplets significantly smaUer than those generated by sprinklers. Water flow from a fine spray nozzle potentially extinguishes the fire faster than a sprinkler because the droplets are smaUer and vaporize more quickly. Preliminaiy information indicates that the smaller the droplet size, the lower the water flow requirements and the less chance of water damage. 

Started to rise from the reaction, causing the vessel bottom head to fail at the weld seam. The force from the escaping gases propelled the tank into the ceiling and overhead structural steel. A small fire erupted which was quickly brought under control by the automatic sprinkler system. Even though the chemists had reviewed the chemistry and did not anticipate any problems, use testing could have identified this problem in the laboratory rather than the plant. 

Design ventilation system to keep flammable concentration below lower flammable limit Provide on-line flammable gas detection and activation of inerting system Install automatic sprinkler system Install deflagration vents... 

Provide automatic sprinkler system/inerting gas Provide deflagration vents Provide deflagration suppression system Monitor flammable atmosphere/fire Provide nitrogen blocks (nitrogen injection to stop flame propagation) or other explosion isolation measures... 

Provide automatic sprinkler system Use deflagration vents... 

Overpressure of Store drum at proper temperature material in drum, Keep drum away from heat source due to external heat input or self reaction is complete before drumming heating. Allow adequate freeboard for material Provide adequate sprinkler protection Thermally initiated venting (e.g., melt-out bungs) CCPS G-3 CCPS G-15 CCPS G-22 CCPS G-29... 

Provide automatic area sprinkler/deluge protection... 

NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 1996 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

PPO forms one of a group of rigid, heat-resistant, more-or-less selfextinguishing polymers with a good electrical and chemical resistance, low water absorption and very good dimensional stability. This has led to a number of applications in television such as tuner strips, microwave insulation components and transformer housings. The excellent hydrolytic stability has also led to applications in water distribution and water treatment applications such as in pumps, water meters, sprinkler systems and hot water tanks. It is also used in valves of drink vending machines. 

Manually operated for general proteetion, e.g. hose reels, hydrants and foam installations, or Automatieally operated for general proteetion, e.g. sprinklers, or for speeial-risk proteetion, e.g. earbon dioxide installations. 

Sprinklers Maintain sprinkler systems Institute alterations if building is modified, use changes etc. Observe use specifications, e.g. for stack heights, fire loading... 

Provide eovered storage, off the ground, away from sprinkler systems, safety showers, overhead water lines or eondensate lines. 

Provide appropriate fire protection (sprinkler, dry powder, gas)... 

The isolation of certain mechanical equipment, e.g. conveyors, work on lifts, excavations, entry and positioning of cranes, isolation of various safety services , e.g. water or inert gas, stand-by power generation, water supply to sprinkler systems, compressed air for breathing apparatus. 

Use enclosed conveyors and sieves for coal and coke handling. Use sprinklers and plastic emulsions to suppress dust formation. Provide windbreaks where feasible. Store materials in bunkers or warehouses. Reduce drop distances. 

This southern Colorado town uses about 32.5 ha (80 ac) of grass on a private ranch for application of biosolids slurry from its oxidation ditch. Application is approximately 56 dry Mg/yr (62 dry tons/yr) through a sprinkler gun. Other dry land parcels on ranches have also been used. 

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