Halon replacements

Tse, F.L.S. and Jaffe, J.M. (1991). Preclinical Drug Disposition. Marcel Dekker, New York. Vinegar, A. and Jepson, G. (1996). Cardiac sensitization thresholds of halon replacement chemicals in humans by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Risk Analysis 16 571-579. 

Freemantle, M., Search for Halon Replacements Stymied by Complexities of Fires, Chem. Eng. News, January 30, 1995, pp. 25-31. 

Huie, R. E and B. Laszlo, The Atmospheric Chemistry of Iodine Compounds, in Halon Replacements—Technology and Science, ACS Symposium Series 611 (A. W. Miziolek and W. Tsang, Eds.), Chap. 4, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC, 1995. 

From Kirschner (1994) for a discussion of halon replacements, see Freemantle (1995). b HFC = hydrofluorocarbon HCFC = hydrochlorofluorocarbon. 

Miziolek, A. W. and Tsang, W., Eds. (1995) Halon Replacements Technology and Science, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 

M. Freernantle, Search for halon replacements stymied by complexities of fires. Chem. Eng. News January 30, 25-31 (1995) H. Fukaya, T. Ono, and T. Abe, New fire suppression mechanism of perfluoroalky-lamines. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1207-1208 (1995). 

Bare, J.C. Proceedings of the International Conference on CFC and Halon Replacements, Baltimore, December 3-5. 1991 p418. 

One example of this type of product innovation is the 3M Novec 1230 Fire Protection Fluid that was developed using a balanced lifecycle approach. Until the early 1990s, halon was used for critical fire protection applications (e.g., communications and electronic equipment). With the production of halons banned because of high ozone depletion potential and most of the halon replacement... 

In the case of the halons, replacements are also being phased in. For example, halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane, CF3Br), widely used as a fire-extinguishing agent to protect sensitive electronic equipment, is being replaced by HFC-227 (CF3CHFCF3), which contains no chlorine or bromine. 

MIZIOLEK A.W., TSANG W. (Editors), Halon Replacement - Technology and Science, ACS Symp. Ser. 611 (1995). 

Halon-Replacement Liquid Fiuids for Fire Suppression... 

W. L. Grosshandler, G. Gmurczyk, C. Presser Effectiveness of Halon alternatives in suppressing dynamic combustion processes. In Miziolek, A.W., and Tsang, W., (eds.) Halon Replacements Technology and Science, ACS Symposium Series No. 611, Chapter 18, pp. 205-224, American Chemical Society, Washington. (1995). 

Senecab, J.A., Halon replacement chemicals perspectives on the alternatives, in Fire Technology, 28(4), 332, November, 1992. 

Halon Replacements. Technology and Science, Andrezej W. Mizolek, Editor, Wing Tsang. ACS symposium Series, Oct. 1997. 

Today, fire-protection halons are subject to international restrictions imposed by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Stratospheric Ozone Layer. Consequently, production of these fire protection agents has been phased out as of January 1,1994. New halon replacements are now available. See NFPA 2001, Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. 

Saito, N. Saso, Y. Liao, C. Ogawa, Y. Jnoue, Y. (1995). Flammability peak concentrations of halon replacements and their function as fire suppressant, Hahn Replacements Technology and Science, ACS Symp. Ser., Amer. Chem. Soc., pp. 243-257... 

Daniela et al. (2013) IR Laser Absorption and Modeling Studies of Hydrocarbon Flames Inhibited by Candidate Halon Replacement Compounds by R. G. Daniela, K. L. McNesby, A. W. Miziolek, D. R. F. Burgess, Jr., P. R. Westmoreland, W. Tsang, and M. R. Zachariah. This is representative of articles on combustion science , accessed 6 November 2013 at http //www.nist.gOv/el/fire research/upload/R0000188.pdf... 

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