Explosions control

The next step is to apply a number of loss control credit factors such as process control (emergency power, cooling, explosion control, emergency shutdown, computer control, inert gas, operating procedures, reactive chemical reviews), material isolation (remote control valves, blowdown, drainage, interlocks) and fire protection (leak detection, buried tanks, fire water supply, sprinkler systems, water curtains, foam, cable protection). The credit factors are combined and appHed to the fire and explosion index value to result in a net index. 

Ignition Sources Normally it is best practice not to base explosion safety solely on the presumed absence of an ignition source. Explosion control should be based on prevention or protection techniques, or both. Even so, all reasonable measures should be taken to eliminate ignition sources. 

New explosives controls - Do they affect you (The Control of Explosives Regulations 1991) What your doctor needs to know Radon m the workplace... 

Explosive control laws regulate storage, manufacture, and use. The regulations vary from state to state (1,3-DNB 1,3,... 

Bodurtha, F. T., Industrial Explosion Control Course, Center for Professional Advancement, Chicago, IL (Sept. 14-16, 1987). 

The term "pyrotechnics" is defined in the Explosive Control Law in Japan as those items manufactured with propellants or explosives to meet a certain purpose 5). The materials having pyrotechnical effects are called pyrotechnics in general. Pyrotechnical effects refer to the emission of heat, light, flame, sound, gas or smoke. The terms "pyrotechnic compositions" or "pyrotechnic mixtures" are broadly used. These terms refer to the raw materials for the production of pyrotechnics. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods of United Nations c defines "pyrotechnic substance" as follows ... 

Nihon Sangyo Kayaku Kai, (Japan Industrial Explosives Association), "The explosives control law handbook" (1988)... 

Explosive control laws regulate storage, CELDs 1991... 

Figure 5 depicts the liquid spinodal curves Sp(L) in a pressure-temperature diagram for fixed CO2 compositions. The region of negative pressures, which is of interest for describing the capillary properties of CO2 aqueous solutions, has been also included. Interestingly, it can be noted that spinodal Sp(L) isopleths present a pressure-temperature trend, which looks similar to the liquid spinodal curve of pure water.At low temperatures, the Sp(L) isopleths are decreasing steeply before to reach a pressure minimum. Then at subcritical temperatures, isopleths are less spaced and sloped, and they finish to meet the H2O-CO2 critical curve. The temperature appears as a determining parameter in the explosivity control of CO2 aqueous solutions. Like for water, the easiest way to generate an explosive vaporization is a sudden depressurization in the superspinodal domain, where spinodal curves have a gentle slope in a P-T diagram (Fig. 5). This superspinodal field can be estimated theoretically irom the PRSV equation of...

Dust-explosion control is more difficult to evaluate, as it depends on the particle size, hygro opicity, surface, and combustibility of the dust. The lower explosive limit of air-borne dust generally ranges from 0.01 to 0.5 oz/ft of air. More detailed information is available from the NFPA. 

The maximum explosion pressure is usually in the range 8-13 bar and is used mainly to determine the design pressure for equipment when explosion containment or protection is opted for as the method of dust explosion control. 

Requirements for pyrophoric materials storage are covered or referenced in UFC Section 8003.8. Included are requirements for signage, ignition control, spill control, drainage, secondary containment, ventilation, separation from incompatibles, fire protection, explosion control, electrical reliability requirements, and alarm/monitoring requirements. 

The most reliable way to produce explosions of LA is reciystallization from ammonium acetate. A reasonable explosion control time is possible by carefully controlling the concentration, temperature, and conditions of cooling. Table 4.5 gives results of a series of experiments with times to explosion from concentrations from 0.6 to 1.0 % LA. The frequency of explosions decreases below 0.6% and falls to nil at 0.4 %. An interesting observatimi was made that intact crystals of LA could be found after the vessel had been shattered by an explosion [18]. 

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