Specific risks

Risk Estimation There are a number of risk measures which can be estimated. The specific risk measures chosen are generally related to the study objective and depth of study, and any preferences or requirements established by the decision makers. Generally, risk measures can be broken down into three categories risk indices, individual risk measures, and societal risk measures. 

Both individual and societal risks may be presented on an absolute basis compared to a specific risk target or criterion. Or, they may be presented on a relative basis to avoid arguments regarding the adequacy of the absolute numbers while preserving the salient differences between alternatives. The end results of the risk presentation may be a single number (or a range of numbers if an uncertainty analysis was performed) or one or more graphs. 

Apostolalds, G., S. Kaplan, B. J. Garrick, and R. J. Duphily. Data Specialization for Plant Specific Risk Studies. Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 56, 1980. 

A large part of what the public knows about risk comes from the media. Whether it is newspapers, magazines, radio or television, the media provides information about the nature and extent of specific risks. It also helps shape the perception of the danger involved within a given risk. 

Risk Ratio—The ratio of the risk among persons with specific risk factors compared to the risk among persons without risk factors. A risk ratio greater than 1 indicates greater risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed. 

You must also do specific risk assessments for young people - you need to take account of their nexperience, lack of awareness of risks and nmatirity (see the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999). 

A sound information transfer system to avoid confusion of chemical identities and to ensure the specific risks of each load are identified and made known to the carrier/transporter. 

Because the validation of computerized systems is time consuming, expensive and resource intensive, many organizations are challenged to identify and prioritize which systems will be validated. There are organizational and system specific risk factors to consider in the regulated environment. Each organization must establish its own risk assessment process. 

Drug-induced torsades de pointes rarely occurs inpatients without specific risk factors for the arrhythmia (Table 6—14). In most cases, administration of a drug known to cause torsades de pointes is unlikely to cause the arrhythmia however, the... 

Recommend a frequency for glaucoma screening based on patient-specific risk factors. 

Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant pathogen seen in all types of osteomyelitis. However, the spectrum of potential causative pathogens varies with patient-specific risk factors and route of infection. 

Development of Company-Specific Risk Tolerance Criteria 129... 

Development of company-specific risk tolerance criteria... 

For companies to make risk-based decisions from risk screening or quantitative risk assessments, company-specific risk tolerance criteria or methodologies should be developed for both individual risk and aggregate risk. Chapter 4 provides a discussion of risk criteria and methodologies, and offers guidance for companies to consider in developing their own approaches to risk tolerability. 

U.S. EPA recommends that site-specific risk assessments, incorporating direct and indirect exposures, be considered during the combustion unit s permitting process. These risk assessments may be used to evaluate the unit s impact on the surrounding environment. If a site-specific risk assessment shows that additional protection should be afforded to the surrounding environment, U.S. EPA typically will use the omnibus authority to impose the necessary permit conditions. 

Developing remedial action objectives specifying the contaminant and media of interest, exposure pathways, and preliminarily remediation goals that permit a range of treatment and containment alternatives to be developed on the basis of chemical-specific ARARs when available, other available information, and site-specific, risk-... 

The MCL for TCE (5 pg/L) has been determined to be a relevant and appropriate remediation level for the contaminated groundwater at this site because the groundwater is used as a source for drinking water. Based on the site-specific risk assessment, the MCL has been determined to be sufficiently protective as the aquifer remediation goal. 

As U.S. EPA continues to revise the regulatory program for incinerators in order to adequately protect human health and the environment, the omnibus permitting authority, site-specific risk assessments, and public participation issues have received greater attention. The following discusses both issues in greater detail. 

U.S. EPA s recommendations regarding stack emission tests, which may be performed at hazardous waste combustion facilities for the purpose of supporting MACT standards and multipathway, site-specific risk assessments, where such a risk assessment has been determined to be necessary by the permit authority, can be found in the U.S. EPA document on Risk Burn Guidance for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities.32 The applicability of the new standards has been demonstrated in the management of hazardous waste incinerators, whose performance was shown to clearly surpass the regulatory requirements in all tested areas.33... 

Walter SD, Yankel AJ, von Lindem IH. 1990. Age-specific risk factors for lead absorption in children. Arch Environ Health 35 53-58. 

Additionally, the integration of geographic information system (GIS) with analytical data is an effective procedure in addressing the problem of spatial and temporal variability of the different parameters involved in the environmental fate of chemicals. Based on accurate local estimations, GIS-based models would then also allow deriving realistic and representative spatially averaged regional PECs. Table 4 shows some studies that have used GIS-based methodologies to perform a site-specific risk assessment of PECs in different exposed ecosystems. 

Abstract RISKCYCLE is an artificial word which addresses the risks associated with the global recycling streams. As part of materials like waste paper, plastic, and electronics, pollutants and chemical additives are transported abroad, e.g., they are exported to emerging and developing countries. Here these pollutants/additives can cause risks for humans and the environment especially if treatment/recycling is performed on a lower technical standard. The specific risks that can occur have been studied in an international EU-funded research program, which is the basis of this publication. 

Bickeboller H, Campion D, Brice A, Amouyel P, Hannequin D, Didierjean O et al. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease genotype-specific risks by age and sex. Am J Hum Genet 1997 ... 

All unvaccinated adults seeking vaccination (specific risk factor not required)... 

The role of Enterococcus as a pathogen is not clear. Enterococcal infection occurs more commonly in postoperative peritonitis, in the presence of specific risk factors indicating failure of the host defenses, or with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. 

A thorough clinical evaluation with a systematic anamnesis and physical examination including body weight, height, waist/hip ratio, and blood pressure should precede any lab tests or instrumental examinations. In the process of detecting the weak points of a given woman, the application of specific risk scores can be of interest. 

Each of the five types of detectors listed has advantages and limitations, making each more or less suitable for an application or a specific risk. There is not a uniform performance standard for flame detectors such as their is with smoke detectors. Flame detection for a particular model has to be analyzed by evaluation of its technical specification to expected fire development. 

POLYMERS AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY TESTING GENERAL AND SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT Baldrick P... 

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