Fluorinating agent

Antimony trifluoride, Sbp3, m.p. 292°C, sublimes319 C(Sb203 in HFsolution). Forms complex ions, e.g. [SbFJ". Widely used as a fairly mild fluorinating agent. 

Chlorine trifluoride, CIF3. M.p. — 76°C, b.p. 12°C, T-shaped, a powerful fluorinating agent. 

Lead iV) fluoride, Pbp4, strong fluorinating agent (PbFa plus F2). Forms complexes containing the [PbFft] " ion. 

Siher I) fluoride, AgF, is prepared by evaporation of a solution of excess Ag20 in HF after filtration or by heating anhydrous AgBF. The anhydrous salt is yellow hydrates are known, It is very soluble in water and in many organic solvents. Used as a mild fluorinating agent. On treatment of a solution with Ag a sub-fluoride, Ag2F, is formed. 

Black silver(II) fluoride, AgF2 (Ag 4- F2), is a strong fluorinating agent. 

Complex siher III) fluorides containing AgF " orAgF " ions and also Cs2AgF containing Ag(IV) are formed with fluorine. They are also strong fluorinating agents. 

Antimony Ill) fluoride is a readily hydrolysable solid which finds use as a fluorinaling agent. Antimony(lll) chloride is a soft solid, m.p. 347 K. It dissolves in water, but on dilution partial hydrolysis occurs and antimony chloride oxide SbOCl is precipitated ... 

The tetrafluorides of the elements can be prepared. They are all less stable than the corresponding hexafluorides and are hydrolysed readily by water. They can all be used as fluorinating agents and sulphur tetrafluoride is extensively used for this purpose, for example the fluorination of organic carbonyl groups ... 

Fluorine in the free state is too reactive to be of a direct practical value, but it may be used to prepare other compounds of fluorine, which are then used as fluorinating agents, for example chlorine... 

As already noted, the simple salts in this oxidation state are powerful oxidising agents and oxidise water. Since, also, Co(III) would oxidise any halide except fluoride to halogen, the only simple halide salt is C0F3. Cobalt(lll) Jluoride, obtained by reaction of fluorine with cobalt(II) fluoride it is a useful fluorinating agent. 

The only important compound is the paramagnetic silver(II) fluoride, AgFj, prepared by fluorination of the metal it is used as a convenient fluorinating agent. 

We also developed a number of other useful new fluorinating reagents. They ineluded a convenient in situ form of sulfur tetrafluoride in pyridinium polyhydrogen fluoride, selenium tetrafluoride, and ey-anurie fluoride. We introdueed uranium hexafluoride (UFg), depleted from the U-235 isotope, which is an abundant by-product of enrichment plants, as an effective fluorinating agent. 

Fluorine reacts with the halogens and antimony to produce several compounds of commercial importance antimony pentafluoride [7783-70-2J, bromine trifluoride [7787-71 chlorine trifluoride [7790-91 -2J, and iodine pentafluoride [7783-66-6J. Chlorine trifluoride is used in the processing of UF (see Uraniumand uranium compounds). Bromine trifluoride is used in chemical cutting by the oil well industry (see Petroleum). Antimony and iodine pentafluorides are used as selective fluorinating agents to produce fluorochemical intermediates (see Fluorine compounds, inorganic). 

Iodine pentafluoride is an easily storable Hquid source of fluorine having Httie of the hazards associated with other fluorine sources. It is used as a selective fluorinating agent for organic compounds. For example, it adds iodine and fluorine to tetrafluoroethylene in a commercial process to produce a usefiil telomer (124). 

Little is known about it Fas been reported to behave similarly to O2F2 in that it can act as a fluorinating agent or a source of the OOF... 

Halogen exchange with KF is not successful ia acetic acid (10). Hydrogen bonding of the acid hydrogen with the fluoride ion was postulated to cause acetate substitution for the haUde however, the products of dissolved KF ia acetic acid are potassium acetate and potassium bifluoride (11). Thus KF acts as a base rather than as a fluorinating agent ia acetic acid. 

Uses. Silver fluoride has found many laboratory and special industrial appHcations. It is used as a soft (nHld) fluorinating agent for selective fluorination (7—17), as a cathode material in batteries (qv) (18), and as an antimicrobial agent (19). Silver fluoride is commercially available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich Chemicals, Cerac Corp., Johnson/Matthey, PCR, Atochem, and other sources in the United States. The U.S. price of silver fluoride in 1993 was 1000— 1400/kg and the total U.S. consumption was less than 200 kg/yr. 

Silver difluoride [7783-95-1], AgF2, is a black crystalline powder. It has been classified as a hard fluorinating agent (3) which Hberates iodine from KI solutions and o2one from dilute aqueous acid solutions on heating. It spontaneously oxidizes xenon gas to Xe(II) in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride solutions (20). 

Uses. Agp2 is a powerful fluorinating agent and is used for substitution of hydrogen by fluorine in hydrohalocarbons (21), preparation of... 

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