Spasm tetanus

Indications Anxiety, muscle spasm, tetanus, acute alcohol withdrawal, adjunct for epilepsy Common drug examples ... 

Tetanus is a disease caused by the release of neurotoxins from the anaerobic, spore-forming rod Clostridium tetani. The clostridial protein, tetanus toxin, possesses a protease activity which selectively degrades the pre-synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, resulting in a block of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from presynaptic terminals. Consistent with the loss of neurogenic motor inhibition, symptoms of tetanus include muscular rigidity and hyperreflexia. The clinical course is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, which first affect the masseter muscle and the muscles of the throat, neck and shoulders. Death occurs by respiratory failure or heart failure. 

Tetanus occurs when Cl. tetani, ubiquitous in the soil and faeces, contaminates wounds, especially deep puncture-type lesions. These might be minor traumas such as a splinter, or major ones such as battle injury. At these sites, tissue necrosis and possibly microbial growth reduce the oxygen tension to allow this anaerobe to multiply. Its growth is accompanied by the production of a highly potent toxin which passes up peripheral nerves and diSuses locally within the central nervous system. It acts like strychnine by affecting normal function at the synapses. Since the motor nerves of the brain stem are the shortest, the cranial nerves are the first affected, with twitches of the eyes and spasms of the jaw (lockjaw). 

Control muscle spasm associated with tetanus... 

Altered release. Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacterium produces a neurotoxin active on inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord. Motor neurons, which supply skeletal muscle and cause contraction, have cell bodies that lie in the spinal cord. Under normal circumstances, these motor neurons receive excitatory and inhibitory inputs from various sources. The balance of these inputs results in the appropriate degree of muscle tone or muscle contraction. Tetanus toxin prevents the release of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), an important neurotransmitter active at these inhibitory synapses. Eliminating inhibitory inputs results in unchecked or unmodulated excitatory input to the motor neurons. The resulting uncontrolled muscle spasms initially occur in the muscles of the jaw, giving rise to the expression lockjaw. The muscle spasms eventually... 

Methocarbamol suppresses multisynaptic pathways in the spinal cord. It is used for relieving spasms and skeletal muscle pain as well as for treating tetanus. Synonyms of this drug are delaxin, forbaxin, robamol, robaxin, and tresortil. 

Muscle relaxant As an adjunct for the relief of skeletal muscle spasm because of reflex spasm caused by local pathology, spasticity caused by uppermotor neuron disorders, athetosis, stiff-man syndrome, used parenterally in the treatment of tetanus (diazepam). 

Muscle spasm 5 to 10 mg IM or IV initially then 5 to 10 mg in 3 to 4 hours if necessary. Tetanus may require larger doses. 

An adjunct for the relief of skeletal muscle spasm caused by reflex spasm to local pathology (such as inflammation of the muscles or joints, or secondary to trauma) spasticity caused by upper motor neuron disorders athetosis stiff-man syndrome. Injectable diazepam may also be used as an adjunct in tetanus. 

Children - For tetanus in infants older than 30 days of age, 1 to 2 mg IM or IV slowly repeat every 3 to 4 hours as necessary. In children 5 years of age or older, 5 to 10 mg. Repeat every 3 to 4 hours if necessary to control tetanus spasms. Flave respiratory assistance available. 

Nondepolarizing blockers are used to relax skeletal muscle for surgical procedures, to prevent dislocations and fractures associated with electroconvulsive therapy, and to control muscle spasms in tetanus. They do not produce anesthesia or analgesia. 

Tetanus spasm IV l-3gq6h until oral dosing is possible. Injection should be used no more than 3 consecutive days. 

It is indicated as hypnotic, in anxiety, tension, muscle spasm, psychosomatic and behaviour disorders, dysmenorrhoea, cerebral palsy, upper motor neuron spasticity, sedative for surgical procedures, labour, tetanus, eclampsia and epilepsy. 

It is indicated in skeletal muscle spasm, in surgery, orthopaedic procedures, neurological diseases and tetanus. 

Tetanus is an infection caused by a bacteria found in dirt, gravel and rusty metal. It usually enters the body through a cut. Tetanus bacteria causes the muscles to spasm (move suddenly). If tetanus attacks the jaw muscles it causes lockjaw, the inability to open the mouth. Tetanus can also cause spasm of the respiratory muscles, which can be fatal. 

Arisaema consanguineum Mart. China Alkaloids, saponin, benzoic acid.33-49 This herb is highly toxic. Treat tetanus, spasms, epilepsy, neuralgia. Sedative, anticonvulsive, an expectorant. 

Uses. Diazepam is one of the oldest medications for treating muscle spasms, and has been used extensively in treating spasms associated with musculoskeletal injuries such as acute low-back strains. Diazepam has also been used to control muscle spasms associated with tetanus toxin the use of valium in this situation can be life-saving as well by inhibiting spasms of the larynx and other muscles.51,65... 

The convulsants toxins tetanus toxin (cause of wound tetanus) and strychnine, diminish the ef cacy of interneuronal synaptic inhibition mediated by the amino acid glycine (A). As a consequence of an unrestrained spread of impulses in the spinal cord, motor convulsions develop. Spasms of respiratory muscle groups endanger life. 

Tetanus is characterised by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibres the neurotoxin responsible is from Clostridium tetani. The toxin initially binds to peripheral nerve terminals and is then transported within the axon and across synaptic junctions until it reaches the central nervous system (CNS). Here it attaches to ganghosides at the presynaptic inhibitory motor nerve endings and is taken up into the axon by endocytosis. The effect of the toxin is to block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine and gamma-amino butyric acid), which are required to check the nervous impulse, leading to the generalised muscular spasms characteristic of tetanus. 

Either toxin consists of two chains - a heavy chain, which targets the toxin to specific nerve cells, and a fight chain, which is a protease with specificity for synaptobrevin and is actually interchangeable. Cleavage of synaptobrevin will dismpt transmitter exocytosis. The radically different consequences - flaccid paralysis with botulinum toxin, violent spasms with tetanus toxin - are due to the different neurons targeted inhibitory neurons in the latter case, excitatory neurons in the former. 

Paralysis can take place anytime there is a failure or interference in the transfer of biochemical impulses from nerve to muscle. On the other hand, hyperactivity of neuromuscular transmission can lead to minor twitches and cramps or to severe spasms as in tetanus (lockjaw) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease). There is still much to learn about both hyperactive and paralytic cases, but new research on DNA and immunology is proving helpful. 

Uses. Benzodiazepines are used for insomnia, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal states, muscle spasm due to a variety of causes, including tetanus and cerebral spasticity, epilepsy (clonazepam, see p. 421), anaesthesia and sedation for endoscopies and cardioversion. 

Pathological syndromes may result in muscular spasm, as seen in the exertional myopathies, or weakness, as seen in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP). Similarly, infectious diseases may result in muscular rigidity (C. tetani infection (tetanus)) or paralysis (C. botulinum intoxication (botulism)). Overt rhabdomyolysis may result from the ingestion of the coccidiostats monensin, rumensin and lasalocid, or one of a number of plant mycotoxins. Dietary deficiencies of selenium or vitamin E have also been described as having severe deleterious effects on skeletal muscle health. 

Curare is often used as a general term to describe a wide variety of highly toxic plant extracts. Curare was originally used by South American Indians as an arrow poison that caused paralysis of skeletal muscle of prey being hunted. Curare was first used medically as a muscle relaxant in 1912. An extract from Chondrodendron tomentosum has been used clinically to reduce spasms in patients with tetanus and those treated with shock therapy, and to treat muscular rigidity and spastic paralysis. Curare is also used as an adjunct to general anesthesia. 

For acute muscle spasms drug used for treatment of tetanus. 

Tetanus is a severe acute illness caused by the exotoxin of Clostridium tetani. Sustained muscle contractions are characteristic of tetanus. Tetanus toxin interferes with neurotransmitters that promote muscle relaxation leading to continuous muscle spasms. Death can be due to the tetanus toxin itself or secondary to a complication such as aspiration pneumonia, dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, or pulmonary embolism. 

Tetanus Toxin CAS — (frequently of the jaw muscle) progressing to rigid paralysis. Generalized spasms can be induced by sensory stimulation. neurotoxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine. An antitoxin is available. Clostridium tetani. 

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