Diazepam injection

DIAZEPAM INJECTION USP 5MG/ML 2ML SYRINGE WITH NEEDLE 10/PACKAGE 6505001375891 PG 12.57 ... 

Morris, M. E. (1978), Comaptibility and stability of diazepam injection following dilution with intravenous fluids, Am. I. Hosp. Pharm., 35, 669-672. 

Derakshan MR. Amputation due to inadvertent intra-arterial diazepam injection. Iran J Med Sci 2000 25 84-6. 

Diazepam is only slightly water-soluble and has a pKa of 3.4, which is not suitable to increase solubility by pH adjustment. The brand Diazepam-injection CF ... 

Diazepam (Valium injection, Diastat rectal gel) IV 0.2-0.3 mg/kg over 2-5 minutes PR 2-5 years 0.5 mg/kg 6-11 years 0.3 mg/kg greater than 12 years 0.2 mg/kg Maximum dose in children less than 5 y 5 mg Maximum dose in children greater than 5 y 15 mg A second rectal dose can be given 4-12 hours after the first dose if necessary... 

Oxazepam is available in oral form only, so it is useful only for uncomplicated withdrawal. Other benzodiazepines are available in injectable form and will be further described below. Diazepam and lorazepam are more lipophilic than chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam, resulting in quicker gastrointestinal absorption and passage across the blood-brain barrier, which makes them valuable in an inpatient setting, especially to treat or prevent seizures. However, their faster onset of action maybe associated with feeling high, which can be a disadvantage of their use. 

Treatment includes IM or IV AChs (Table 71-4) or benzodiazepines. Benztropine mesylate, 2 mg, or diphenhydramine, 50 mg, may be given IM or IV, or diazepam, 5 to 10 mg slow IV push, or lorazepam, 1 to 2 mg IM, may be given. Relief usually occurs within 15 to 20 minutes of IM injection or within 5 minutes of IV administration. The dose should be repeated if no response is seen within 15 minutes of IV injection or 30 minutes of IM injection. 

Manipulations of any kind in untrained carnivores require general anaesthesia. Sample collection was therefore performed on anaesthetised individuals. Depending on the preferences of the veterinarian, the fossas were either caught with nets or anaesthetised by a combination of injectable narcotics (Xylazine 2.5-5.0 mg/kg, Ketam-inhydrochloride 10.5-20 mg/kg and Diazepam 0.5-1.0 mg/kg) prior to anaesthesia by inhalation gases (Isoflurane 1.5-3 Vol. % and Oxygen l-2L/min) applied by facial mask. 

Hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines psychoses acute narrow-angle glaucoma patients with clinical or biochemical evidence of significant liver disease intra-arterial use (lorazepam injection) children younger than 6 months of age, lactation (diazepam) coadministration with ketoconazole and itraconazole caused by inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A. 

Diazepam- Not for use in children younger than 6 months of age (oral) safety and efficacy have not been established in the neonate (30 days of age or younger injectable). 

Adults - Do not administer diazepam emulsified injection IM. Initially 5 to 10 mg. May be repeated at 10- to 15-minute intervals up to a maximum dose of 30 mg if necessary. Therapy may be repeated in 2 to 4 hours however, residual active metabolites may persist. 

An adjunct for the relief of skeletal muscle spasm caused by reflex spasm to local pathology (such as inflammation of the muscles or joints, or secondary to trauma) spasticity caused by upper motor neuron disorders athetosis stiff-man syndrome. Injectable diazepam may also be used as an adjunct in tetanus. 

Admixture Incompatibilities Physical incompatibilities resulted when linezolid IV injection was combined with the following drugs during simulated Y-site administration amphotericin B, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, diazepam, pentamidine isothionate, erythromycin lactobionate, phenytoin sodium, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, chemical incompatibility resulted when linezolid IV injection was combined with ceftriaxone sodium. 

The intramuscular dosage of diazepam solution for injection is 5-10 mg, repeated if necessary after 4 hours. A rectal solution also exists. If respiratory depression occurs, it can be reversed with the antagonist flumazenil. 

Most BZs are completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The one exception is clorazepate, a pro-drug that undergoes acid hydrolysis in the stomach and is decarboxylated to form N-desmethyl-diazepam, which is then completely absorbed into the bloodstream (Bellantuono et ak, 1980 Hobbs et ak, 1996 Chouinard et ak, 1999). In contrast, most BZs, with the exception of lorazepam and midazolam, are not consistently absorbed from intramuscular injection (Chouinard et ak, 1999). Lorazepam is available as a sublingual form that reaches clinical effect at the same rate as an oral dose. In general, intravenous administration is used only for anesthesia or for the acute management of seizures. When BZs are given via this route, the onset of action is almost immediate (Chouinard et ak, 1999). 

Nevertheless, the GABAergic properties of benzodiazepines remain their most important clinical application. Over the past 30 years, the most widely used benzodiazepine drug has been diazepam (1.6). It is an anxiolytic, sedative, and muscle relaxant the anxious, depressed person becomes more outgoing and relaxed. There have been many diazepam analogs. Oxazepam (4.177) and lorazepam (4.178) have similar effects. Temazepam (4.179), flunitrazepam (4.180), and flurazepam (4.181) are useful sedative-hypnotics. Clonazepam (4.182) is a clinically useful anticonvulsant. Brotizolam (4.183), a novel benzodiazepine analog, seems to be an effective sedative-hypnotic. Midazolam (4.184) is an imidazolo-benzodiazepine that is water soluble and thus easily injectable. It is a hypnotic sedative with marked amnestic (i.e., memory loss) properties and is used in dentistry, endoscopic procedures, and induction to anesthetics in the elderly and in... 

Some amnesia occurred after all three benzodiazepines, although there were pronounced differences between the three drugs with regard to the time of onset of action, peak effect and duration of action. For example the amnestic effect of diazepam occurred as soon as l min after injection but had abated completely 60 min later. 

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