Chondrodendron tomentosum

Para, Tube or Bamboo Curare. This variety was packed in sections of bamboo, but this almost traditional information needs modification since tube curare became a commercial article. It is now a viscous, solid or even powdered extract, exported in sealed tins. In view of the relationship established between bebeerine, curine, and tubocurarhie, the active alkaloid of this variety of curare, the suggestion was made, first by Spath, Leithe and Ladeck, and more definitely by King that its botanical source should be sought among the Brazilian Menispermaceae, and as shown later the search for the source of the d-tubocurarine found in this variety of curare has been narrowed down to Chondrodendron tomentosum, or possibly a closely related species liable to be confused with it. 

Alkaloids of Chondrodendron tomentosum. Butcher has examined a curare prepared by Indians of the Upper Amazon, in which the only plant used was Chondrodendron tomentosum, Ruiz and Pavon. From it he isolated the known alkaloids, d-tjochondrodendrine (p. 365), d-wochondro-... 

These results seemed to establish with certainty that the active component of tube curare is derived from Chondrodendron tomentosum, but the matter again became doubtful when King reported that in the stems of a carefully authenticated specimen of the plant, collected at Tarapoto in Peru, he had found 1-curine and Z-tubocurarine chloride. This is the first recorded natural occurrence of the latter and seems to indicate either that the alkaloidal components of the plant are not constant in character, or that the botanical description of Chondrodendron tomentosum covers two species containing the dextro- and Icevo- quaternary alkaloids respectively. 

Chondrodendron polyanthum, 371 Chondrodendron tomentosum, 363, 371, 373, 377, 391 alkaloids, 376 Chondrodine, 363, 364 Chondrofoline, 364, 365 Chrycentrine, 172, 313 Chiysanthemine, 773 Chrysanthemum cineraricefoHum, 773 Chuchuara, 781 Chuehuhuasha, 781 Cicuta virosa, 13 Cinchamidine, 419, 429 Cinchene, 439 Cinchenine, 438, 439, 440 apoCinchenine, 440, 441 Cincholoipon, 438 Cincholoiponic acid, 438, 443 Cinchomeronic acid, 183 Cinchona alkaloid structure, synthesis, 457 Cinchona alkaloids, bactericidal action of some derivatives, 478 centres of asymmetry, 445 constitution, 435 formulae and characters of transformation products, 449, 451 general formula, 443 hydroxydihydro-bases, 448, 452-4 melting-points and specific rotations, 446... 

Chondrodendron tomentosum plant Picric acid Hydrogen chloride... 

The initial step involves extraction of the stems and bark of the plant Chondrodendron tomentosum with water as the solvent. 

By extraction from Chondrodendron tomentosum (Ampi Huasca) and purification via the picrate. Reference(s) ... 

D-tubocurarine from Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz et Pav. and Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. et Kurz and horse radish peroxidase 3 mg/ml, which prevent the peroxide formation, block the fruit formation as a whole, while yohimbine and gaillardine inhibit the seed formation. Neostigmine stimulates the fruit and seed yield, although its precursor physostigmine has no significant effect (Roshchina and Melnikova, 1998). 

Chondrodendron tomentosum plant. It initially produced motor weakness followed by flaccid paralysis after parenteral administration. The paralysis occurs in following order e.g. paralysis of fingers, toes, eyes, ears producing diplopia, speech slurring, difficulty in swallowing the muscles of neck, limb, trunk, paralysis of diaphragm and death occur due to hypoxia. 

Guatteria megalophylla (Annonaceae), Heracleum wallichi (Apiaceae), Chondrodendron tomentosum [bark], Epinetrum cordfolium, E. mangenotii,... 

Tubocurarine (= curare Chondrodendron tomentosum active principle) (curare, pareira), C. spp... 

Curare is often used as a general term to describe a wide variety of highly toxic plant extracts. Curare was originally used by South American Indians as an arrow poison that caused paralysis of skeletal muscle of prey being hunted. Curare was first used medically as a muscle relaxant in 1912. An extract from Chondrodendron tomentosum has been used clinically to reduce spasms in patients with tetanus and those treated with shock therapy, and to treat muscular rigidity and spastic paralysis. Curare is also used as an adjunct to general anesthesia. 

Menispermaceae contains many medicinal and toxic plants. Some of the South American Menispermaceae were used by native Indians for their curare activity [7]. The western world was introduced to the muscle relaxants by the Spaniards, who encountered these arrow poisons in 1514 [7, 95]. The main South American Menispermaceae species used to prepare pot/tube curare are Chondrodendron tomentosum, and three of the four known curarea genus, Curarea candicans, C. tecunarum and C. toxicofera [7]. 

Curare was first identified when Spanish soldiers in South America found themselves the unwilling victims of poisoned arrows. It was discovered that the Indians were putting a poison on to the tips of their arrows. This poison was a crude, dried extract from a plant called Chondrodendron tomentosum and caused paralysis as well as stopping the heart. We now know that curare is a mixture of compounds. The active principle, however, is an antagonist of acetylcholine which blocks nerve transmissions from nerve to muscle. 

MENISPERMACEAE-CURARE This type of curare is prepared from the bark of Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz and Pavon and C. platophyllum Mers and other Chondrodendron ecies, family Menispermaceae, by extraction with boiling water followed by... 

Chondrodendron tomentosum plant, by extraction Tubocurarine chloride Cytidine-5 -monophosphate, by fermentation Citicoline... 

In 1939 King (123) obtained both the leaves and liana of the plant amphi huasa (poison rope) which is used by the Indians near Tarapoto in northern Peru for the preparation of curare. It was identified as Chondrodendron tomentosum, and chemical examination showed that it contained Z-curine (Z-bebeerine) and Z-tubocurarine chloride and not d-tubo-curarine chloride as expected. However Wintersteiner and Dutcher (81)... 

C-alkaloid E Chondrodendron tomentosum, calabash (curare arrow poison)... 

Curare. General name for arrow poisons produced by the Indians in tropical South America from the barks of many Strychnos species, especially S. toxifera. Other plants such as Chondrodendron tomentosum are used for the same purpose. For further names for the toxin, see Lit.. Of the 40 alkaloids contained in C., only those with two quaternary nitrogen atoms show the typical toxic action. C-Curarine I (see toxiferines) and C-dihydrotoxiferine are the most active compounds. Depending on the compositions, distinctions are made between ... 

For centuries, the native Indians in Ecuador and Colombia used besides curare [546] from Strychnos toxifera and Chondrodendron tomentosum also the skin secretion of several dart-poison frogs of the genus PhyUobates and Dendrobates to tip the darts of their blowpipes for hunting (Fig. 5.212). 

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