Spore forming

Thermoduric, Thermophilic, andPsychrophihc Bacteria. Thermoduric bacteria survive but do not grow at pasteurization temperatures. They are largely non spore-forming, heat-resistant types that develop on surfaces of unclean equipment. These bacteria are determined by subjecting a sample to laboratory pasteurization and examining it by the agar plate method. 

Thermophilic bacteria are able to grow at 55°C. They are spore-forming bacilli that can enter milk from a variety of farm sources. Tbermophiles grow ia milk held at elevated temperatures. Their presence ia milk is determined by means of the agar plate method and iacubation at 55°C. 

B. thurigiensis is a common Gram-positive, spore-forming soil bacterium that produces inclusion bodies, microcrystalline clusters of many different proteins. These crystalline proteins, called 5-endotoxins, are the ion channel toxins that are sold commercially for pest control. Most such endotoxins are protoxins, which are inactive until cleaved to smaller, active proteins by proteases in the gut of a susceptible insect. One such crystalline protoxin. 

Tetanus is a disease caused by the release of neurotoxins from the anaerobic, spore-forming rod Clostridium tetani. The clostridial protein, tetanus toxin, possesses a protease activity which selectively degrades the pre-synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, resulting in a block of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from presynaptic terminals. Consistent with the loss of neurogenic motor inhibition, symptoms of tetanus include muscular rigidity and hyperreflexia. The clinical course is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, which first affect the masseter muscle and the muscles of the throat, neck and shoulders. Death occurs by respiratory failure or heart failure. 

Death kinetics are obviously important in chemical or thermal sterilization. The spores formed by some bacteria are the hardest to kill. Problem 12.3 gives data for a representative case. 

However, to date, no AMA studies have been conducted against spore-forming microorganisms. It is very important to search for a compound having action on the development of such organisms as Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus, since these microorganisms are able to withstand pasteurization conditions and contain hydrolytic enzymes, which generate off-flavor in the food. 

Clostridia are anaerobie, spore-forming rods. The genus eontains a number of dangerous pathogens. 

Kuever J, J Kuhner, S Janssen, U Eischer, K-H Blotevogel (1993) Isolation and characterization of a new spore-forming sulfate-reducing bacterium growing by complete oxidation of catechol. Arch Microbiol 159 282-288. 

A spore-forming strain of Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans was able to couple the dechlorination of 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate to the oxidation of lactate to acetate, pyruvate, or formate (Sanford et al. 1996). Whereas 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,4,6-tribro-mophenol supported growth with the production of 4-chlorophenol and 4-bromophenol, neither 2-bromophenol nor 2-iodophenol was able to do so. The membrane-bound dehalogenase contains cobalamin, iron, and acid-labile sulfur, and is apparently specific for ortho-substituted phenols (Krasotkina et al. 2001). 

Beuscher HU, JR Andressen (1984) Eubacterium angustum sp. nov., a Gram-positive anaerobic, non-spore-forming, obligate purine fermenting organism. Arch Microbiol 140 2-8. 

T. E Yen, J. K. Park, K. I. Lee, and Y. Li. Fate of surfactant vesicles surviving from thermophilic, halotolerant, spore forming, Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. In E. C. Donaldson, editor. Microbial enhancement of oil recovery recent advances Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Microbial Enhancement of Oil Recovery,... 

C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe. The organism is ingested either as the vegetative form or spores, which can survive for long periods in the environment and... 

Hehre, Genghof and Neill106 c have shown that levans isolated from sucrose cultures of Streptococcus salivarius (and of a spore-forming bacterium) exhibit precipitation and complement fixation when tested against antisera produced by immunization with bacteria obtained from sucrose cultures of either species. 

It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Dry spores are stable for decades. Spores are stable in water for up to 2 years and are resistant to chlorine at purification concentrations. It is endemic in many countries of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. 

It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. It is very common in soil, water, and air. 

---