Source measure unit

Currem field characteristics measured wiih conjugated polymers sandwiched between an indium-tin oxide (ITO) anode and an aluminum cathode are usually hole dominated and are, consequently, appropriate for testing injection/lransport models for the case of unipolar current How. Data shown in Figure 12-1 refer to injection-limited currents recorded on typically 100 nm thick spin-coated films of derivatives of poly(y d/"fi-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) and a planarized poly(/ /" -pheny-leue) employing a Keilhley source measure unit. The polymers were ... 

In order to determine efficiency of the fabricated small area solar cells I-V measurements were performed in the dark and under illumination with a halogen lamp at room temperature. The measurements were carried out with a source measure unit Keithley SMU 237 . 

The electrical properties of the films were determined on aluminium/insu-lator/gold (MIM) structures. The capacitance was measured with a LCR Meter (Agilent 4284 A) at a frequency of 1 kHz. The specific resistance and the breakdown field strength were measured using a Source-Measure-Unit (SMU, Keithley 6430). The film thickness was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 

I-V eharaeteristies of the devices were measured using a Keithley 238 Source-Measure Unit (SMU). A positive voltage corresponds to a positive potential on the top eontaet with respect to the bottom eontaet. The bottom Cu... 

Figure 12.29 shows the I-V characteristics of thin specimen at room temperature, and 253 K were observed by high current source measure unit and plotted by using Metrics Interactive Characterization Software. The overall nature of I-V characteristics is an apparent indicator of the formation of localized energy levels in the host background. The formation of localized energy level may be attributed due to 3-D confinement of quantum dot-like ionic nanoclusters within the dielectric substrate. 

All current-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic devices were measured with a source measure unit in the dark and under simulated solar simulator source was calibrated using a standard crystalline silicon diode. The current-voltage characteristics of Photovoltaic devices are generally characterized by the short-circuit current (I ), the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor (FF). The photovoltaic power conversion efficiency (t ) of a solar cell is defined as the ratio between die maximum electrical power and the incident optical power and is determined byEq.(l)[4],... 

The samples were characterised under steady state condition. All the electrical properties and the emission spectra were measured at room temperature imder ambient atmosphere. Steady state current measurements on samples were performed using the high voltage Keithley Source Measurement Unit SMU 236. The EL spectra were obtained using the Perkin-Elmer LS50B. 

All electrical measurements were p>erformed under nitrogen in the glove box. The current-voltage (1-V) characteristics were recorded by a computer controlled Keithley 236 source-measure unit (SMU). When the devices were tested for the first time without any prior heat treatment, their behavior was just like that of a PLED with A1 as cathode the tum-on voltage was over 6 volts with relatively low brightness and low efficiency even at high... 

All electrical measurements were performed under nitrogen in the glove box. The current-voltage characteristics were recorded by a computer controlled Keithley 236 source-measure unit. 

I oise Transmission Reduction in HVACSystems. One common use of sound-absorbing treatment is to reduce noise transmission in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems (6). The treatments ate used to reduce the transmission of fan noise and air turbulence noise through ducts into occupied spaces. Noise transmission reduction in duct systems is described in terms of insertion loss, the difference in sound power level or sound pressure level measured at a given location before and after installation of the treatment or sound attenuation, the reduction in sound power between two locations affected by a sound source. The units ate decibels. 

Starch source D. P.a from osmotic measurements Unit-chain length from methylation Unit-chain length from periodate oxidation No. of non-reducing terminal groups/ molecule References... 

It is a long and frustrating process to adjust a controller to an evaporation source, requiring several minutes for stabilization and hours to obtain satisfactory results. Often the parameters selected for a certain rate are not suitable for an altered rate. Thus, a controller should ideally adjust itself, as the new controllers in INFICON coating measuring units do. At the beginning of installation and connection the user has the unit measure the characteristics of the evaporation source. Either a PID controller is used as the basis for slow sources or another type of controller for fast sources without significant dead time. 

Of special interest is also the brightness of the radiation source. This quantity is defined as the number of photons emitted by the unit area of the source per unit time, unit steric angle, and unit wave length. Therefore, it can be measured in... 

A dose of radiation refers to the amount of radiation your body absorbs from a radioactive source. Two units, the rad and rem, are commonly used to measure radiation doses. The rad, which stands for Radiation-Absorbed Dose,... 

Note-. The coefficient of variation following multiple runs using the indicated positive control test substances in one laboratory is shown. The overall average of the intralaboratory CVs listed is 17%. n is the number of times the assay has been conducted with the indicated positive control material units indicates the measurement units obtained from the alternative method mean indicates the average value obtained for all the indicated runs SD is the standard deviations calculated associated with the mean of the alternative method sources CV is the coefficient of variation (mean/SD) SLS is sodium lauryl sulfate. 

Quantitative measures of emissions are emissions factors and emission rates. A source emission factor is typically defined as the amount of a chemical species, mass, particle number, etc. emitted per unit mass of fuel burned or per defined task performed [3]. The former is often referred to as a mass-based emission factor and has a unit such as grams per kilogram. The latter can be called a task-based emission factor. The unit of the task-based emission factor depends on the definition of the tasks. For example, a task can be the number of cigarettes smoked or a certain distance driven by a motor vehicle and thus the units may be grams per cigarette or grams per kilometre, respectively. The emission rate, on the other hand, is the amount of a chemical species, mass, particle number, etc. emitted by the source per unit time. For example, emissions from stoves are usually characterised in terms of emission factors. Similarly, re-entrainment of settled dust to the air is represented by resuspension rates. Emission factors and emission rates vary significantly... 

In the absence of standard controls, the gene expression data from different sources effectively use different measurement units the relative values of which are typically unknown and may even vary depending on the measurement range. This makes it necessary to store in the database not only the gene expression data matrix, but also the raw and intermediate data, and a detailed description as to how the processed values are obtained. This complicates the database design enormously. The size of the datasets (that can easily reach terabytes) adds to the difficulties. 

Without air-exposure the devices were transferred into a vacuum-chamber providing a pressure of less than 5 x 10 mbar for characterisation. The output and transfer characteristics of the transistors were measured using two independent source-meter units (Keithley 236). In order to measure inverter transfer curves an additional source-meter unit (Keithley 2400) was implemented. 

The measurement unit of electric charge is coulomb (C). One coulomb is the amount of electric charge carried hy a current of 1A flowing for 1 s through the cross-section of an electric conductor (1 C = 1 A/s). This unit is very small for flie application of electrochemical power sources. Therefore, the unit ampere-hour (Ah) is adopted instead. One hour consists of 3600 s. 

This measurement unit of electricity (electric charge) is a basic unit used in calculating the amounts of active materials needed for an electrochemical power source to deliver a given capacity. 

In laser-optic measurement systems (such as Optalign), a combined laser source -sensor unit is placed on the reference shaft and the relative displacement vector and the alignment angle is calculated from the position of the incoming laser beam reflected by a prism unit, which is attached to the other shaft. This is an optical counterpart of the rim-and-face method. It is thus also relative, contact, manual and static in nature. 

The test facility needs to be established to test the heat transfer performance and heat transport limitations. Both transient and steady-state tests should be conducted for a micro heat pipe. For low-temperamre heat pipes, however, the steady-state test is of most concerned. A typical experimental system for low-temperature heat pipes similar to the one shown in Fig. 3 would normally be used. The test facility shown in Fig. 3 consists of the heat pipe, a heat power supply and measuring unit, a cooling unit, and a data acquisition unit for the temperature measurements. The operating temperature of a heat pipe can be controlled by a cooling block connected to a cooling bath, where the temperature of the coolant is maintained at a constant temperature based on the designed operating temperature. The heat source is directly connected to the evaporator. 

The total faeility individual risk is then the sum of aU the event risks at a receptor point. Repeating the proeess at different receptor points wUl generate a risk curve, where risk generally deereases with increasing distance from the risk source. The units of this risk measure can be expressed as the annual chance that a person living near the hazardous facility might die due to potential accidents in that facility. (The MIACC risk acceptability guidelines are for a specific receptor location and not for a specific receptor that may spend some of his or her time away from that receptor location. Hence, the risk calculation should also assume continuous exposure of the receptor.)... 

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