Sensor unit

There are three changable sensor units for the MH-24/64 magnetic head as like as for MH-24. The units must be changed when rope diameter changes more than two times. The sensor units of the MH-40 and MH-54 are unchangable. So the MH-40 and MH-64 heads are more releable having no connectors for this. 

Because of the wide range of the sensors, only four different sensor units are needed to cover the entire range of dp spans from 100 kN/m2 to 20 MN/m2 (4 in water to 3000 lb/in2) An internal temperature sensor monitors the temperature of the pressure sensor and is used to compensate the sensor output for the effects of temperature changes. The sensor temperature may also be transmitted digitally for monitoring, alarming, and for other appropriate applications. 

The first clinical IRET used thermopile sensors to achieve non-contact temperature measurement in the ear. In 1991 a tympanic thermometer for home use was first introduced to the consumer market (Thermoscan HM 1). It utilized a pyroelectric sensor which requires the use of a suitable mechanical shutter or chopper mechanism, since it is only sensitive to temperature changes [3]. The main advantage of the pyroelectric sensor unit was its lower cost. However, prices for thermo-... 

The sensor unit of an IRET usually consists of an infrared sensor, in most cases a thermopile sensor in a TO-5 or TO-46 housing, a gold plated barrel, which reflects the infrared radiation from the ear to the sensor and reduces the sensitivity of the sensor to ambient temperature changes (see Fig. 3.43). 

Fig. 3.46 Cross section of the sensor unit of an IRT 3000 infrared ear thermometer.

Buried sensors are electronic devices that are designed to detect potential intruders. The sensors are buried along the perimeters of sensitive assets and are able to detect intruder activity both aboveground and belowground. Some of these systems are composed of individual, stand-alone sensor units, while other sensors consist of buried cables. 

Free-standing sensors—These sensors, which include active infrared, passive infrared, bistatic microwave, monostatic microwave, dual-technology, and video motion detection (VMD) sensors, consist of individual sensor units or components that can be set up in a variety of configurations to meet a user s needs. They are installed aboveground, and depending on how they are oriented relative to each other, they can be used to establish a protected perimeter or a protected space. More details on each of these sensor types are provided below. 

Dual-technology sensors consist of two different sensor technologies incorporated together into one sensor unit. For example, a dual technology sensor could consist of a passive infrared detector and a monostatic microwave sensor integrated into the same sensor unit. 

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of Continual Measuring System for BOD. 1. Sensor unit 2. Recorder unit 3. Data processing unit 4. Flow line selector unit 5. Sampling unit 6. Amplifier 7. Microbial sensor 8. Pump 9. Incubator 10. Flow meter 11. Air pump ...

Multiwavelength spectroscopy of biofluids provides several advantages over chemical assays that are not particular to Raman spectroscopy. First, all measurements are performed on the same sample volume, since multiple chemicals concentrations can be computed from a single spectrum. There is typically just one optical sensor unit or cartridge required. In multi-chemical assays, the sample must be separated into subvolumes that are sent to different single-chemical sensor units. This increases the volume of sample needed, the complexity of the sample s path through the analyzer, and the number of sensor units needed. 

Figure 16 depicts the CTL-based sensor system. Figure 16b, shows the CTL-based sensor unit at the center, the flow controller on the left and the air pump on the right. There are electric circuits for the heater controller, the photon counter, and the data communication through the RS-232C cable under... 

The system hardware of a real-time NIR SI system is very much reliant on methodology, wavelength range and application requirements. Apart from the materials that have to be detected, sample size, required spatial resolution and the necessary throughput influence the design of an SI sensor unit. The following concentrates on the description of the most common case in NIR real-time material analysis and classification, a spatial-scanning SI system in DR mode. 

A contact linear image sensor can make the equipment compact, because it does not require a high-magnification lens system. The sensor unit consists of an illuminator, a compact optical guide, and the long linear photosensor array, which is, for example, 210 mm long for the iso-A4... 

FIGURE 11 Infrared sensor unit for measuring temperature directly after tableting [85] (Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg.)... 

As already stated, in this book a detector is considered to be composed of a sensor and associated electronics. In this context the sensor unit is commonly referred to as the FID itself A diagram of the FID sensor is shown in figure 1. The body and the cylindrical electrode is usually made of stainless steel and stainless steel fittings connect the detector to the appropriate gas supplies. The jet and the electrodes are insulated from the main body of the sensor with appropriate high temperature insulators. 

Galai CIS-1000 is an on-line particle size analyzer. A bypass from the process line feeds the sample into the sensor unit where it is sized and either drained off or fed back to the line. Full compatibility with the laboratory instrument is maintained since it uses the identical combination of laser-based time-of-transit particle sizing using the 1001 sensor and dynamic shape analysis using the 1002 sensor. The size range covered is from 2 pm to 3600 pm with measurement of size, area, volume, shape, concentration and estimated surface area with a cycling time of 300 s. 

Figure 4. Optical sensor unit of irradiating and collecting optics. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 2. Copyright 1983, Japan Association of Automatic Control Engineers.)...

Completed circuit board platforms containing process control box pressure sensor units and shunt (platform one). 

The design of fluorescence-based detection systems for small molecules is influenced immediately by the fact that the vast majority of these target analytes are nonfluorescent. Therefore, sensors are required that probe the analyte and incorporate fluorophores which respond sensitively to the probe-analyte interaction. As stated above, in type I sensors these fluorophores are coupled to the sensor unit of the reporter. A vast array of fluorescent molecules is known. Here we give a brief overview of these fluorophores by family—small molecules, proteins, and the new fluorescent nanomaterials—and comment on how they may be incorporated into sensors for small molecules. The description of the sensor units is usually unique to the analyte of interest and is detailed in Section 6.3. 

For bus systems there are several standard or quasi-standard bus structures available. For high-speed connection you can use the popular automotive CAN bus (control area network) or the SPI interface (serial peripheral interface) often used to connect the sensor to the microcontroller inside the control unit For lower speeds the LIN bus (local interconnect network) is available. In both cases a microcontroller inside the sensor unit is necessary, which works with a stable quartz clock frequency. 

Fig. 11.8 are photographs of two instruments offered by Amherst Process Instruments (API). Fig. 11.8a is the API aerosizer, a high resolution particle size analyzer for fine powders (range 0.2 - 700 pm), which is based on aerodynamics. A gas containing the entrained particles expands through a nozzle at supersonic velocities into a partial vacuum which is contained within a barrel shock envelope. The exit velocity of a particle depends on its density and size. Two laser beams, separated by a defined distance, and two photomultipliers form the measurement zone. From the velocity and the known density of the particulate solid, the aerosizer determines size, one by one, with a speed of up to 100,000 particles per second and an accuracy of better than 1 % which make this instrument rather unique. The system uses interchangeable dispersers for different types of particles and, in total (refer to Fig. 11.8a), consists of particle dispersers (A), sensor unit (B), vacuum system (not shown), and computer (C). 

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