Injection tests

The number of injectors required may be estimated in a similar manner, but it is unlikely that the exploration and appraisal activities will have included injectivity tests, of say water injection into the water column of the reservoir. In this case, an estimate must be made of the injection potential, based on an assessment of reservoir quality in the water column, which may be reduced by the effects of compaction and diagenesis. Development plans based on water injection or natural aquifer drive often suffer from lack of data from the water bearing part of the reservoir, since appraisal activity to establish the reservoir properties in the water column is frequently overlooked. In the absence of any data, a range of assumptions of injectivity should be generated, to yield a range of number of wells required. If this range introduces large uncertainties into the development plan, then appraisal effort to reduce this uncertainty may be justified. 

An injectivity test is performed using clean, solids-free water or brine. If a low fluid loss completion fluid is in the hole, it must be displaced from the perforations before starting the injecting. This test will give an idea of the permeability of the formation to the cement filtrate. 

Geochemical monitoring of chemical and isotopic compositions of CO2 fluids and calcite precipitation during injection tests at Ogachi Hot-Dry Rock site, Japan... 

In the flow-injection test, mobile phase A is 0.02 M NaH2P04 in water at pH 4.7 (0.005 M NaCl for solid state AgCl reference) mobile phase B has the same composition, but at pH 7. For reductive experiments, use steel tubing for oxidative experiments, use PTFE tubing. 

Injection tests Testing prior to concentrate injection to determine the flow rate and pressure at which the concentrate can be injected... 

Bruch J, Rehn B, Song W, et al Toxicological investigations on silicon carbide. 2. In vitro cell tests and long term injection tests. BrJlndMed 50 807-813, 1993... 

Fig. 5. Variation of the Sl80 and 8D values of the fluid delivered from well 131, located 500 m away from the re-injection site, during an injection test conducted in the peripheral area of Serrazzano in the Larderello field (open squares). The figure also shows graphically, and in arbitrary units, the flow rate Q of water re-injected into the well as a function of time, and the position of each sample collected. Theoretical isotopic pattern of the steam produced by re-injected water, assuming continuous steam separation at depth, is also reported. Since the actual evaporation temperature and the fraction of residual water are unknown, calculations were made for three different temperatures (140, 160, and 180 °C) and fractions (/w) of residual liquid water after boiling. Dashed line represents the hypothetical mixing between deep geothermal steam (W) and completely evaporated re-injected water (R).

Gudmundsson, J. S. 1983. Injection testing 1982 at the Svartsengi high-temperature field in Island. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 7, 423-428. 

Two weeks after the second injection, test bleed the rabbit from an ear vein. Swab the ear with xylene to dilate the vein before bleeding. 

The Messoyakha field has been produced through both inhibitor injection and depressurization, as well as combinations of the two. The inhibitor injection tests, presented in Table 7.14 from the combined results by Sumetz (1974) and Makogon (1981, p. 174), frequently gave dramatic short-term increases in production rates, due to hydrate dissociation in the vicinity of each injected well bore. In the table, methanol and mixtures of methanol and calcium chloride were injected under pressure, using a cement aggregate. For long-term dissociation of hydrates, depressurization was used. 

Fruchter, J.S., J.E. Amonette, C.R. Cole, Y.A. Corby, M.D. Humphrey, J.D. Istok, F.A. Spane, J.E. Szecsody, S.S. Teel, V.R. Vermeul, M.D. Williams, and S.B. Yabusaki. 1996. In Situ Redox Manipulation Field Injection Test Report - Hanford 100-H Area, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-11372, UC-602. 

If a system was returned from inspection, external exercise, or maintenance at the manufacturer, an additional test for cleanness (entrance control) is performed. Three different blank injections with solvent, BSTFA, and DMT are performed and evaluated using an on-site target library containing all MS spectra from the OCAD. Absence of any identification ensures that the system components are free from scheduled chemicals and their degradation products. The same blank injection tests are performed if a system in waiting status was used internally for injections other than check mixture. The on-site target library used in the test of cleanness is removed from the hard disk before issuing the system for a mission. 

Intracutaneous injection tests to evaluate the irritation potential of the material... 

Acute systemic injection tests to evaluate the material for potential toxic effects as a result of single-dose systemic injections... 

In a well designed acid gas injection scheme, hydrates should not be a problem in normal operation. However, during start up, hydrates often occur in both pipelines and wells. This is because there is residual water left over from hydrotesting of the pipeline. Wells may have water in them from injection testing. When the high pressure acid gas comes in contact with the residual water, it will quickly freeze. 

Another important factor in the selection of a disposal zone is the injectivity. Can the desired rate of acid gas be injected at down hole conditions The injection rate is a function of the properties of the reservoir, notably the permeability, and the properties of the fluid, notably the viscosity. The injectivity can be estimated by doing an injection test. 

An injection test is run using water as a test fluid. At a wellhead pressure of 700 kPa (100 psia), a water injection rate of 16 m3/day... 

If the acid gas is injected in the gas phase, then a gas injection test can be used. For the flow of a gas in a porous media in cylindrical coordinates, Darcy s law becomes ... 

Note there is a difference between the Darcy s law for a gas (a compressible fluid) and that for a liquid (an incompressible fluid). Thus, before doing an injection test, it is important to know whether the injected acid gas mixture is in the gas phase or in the liquid phase. 

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