Efficiencies determining

For smaller particles, the theory indicates that efficiency decreases according to the dotted line of Figure 7. Experimental data (134) (sofld line of Eig. 7) for a cyclone of Eig. 9 dimensions show that equation 15 tends to overstate collection efficiency for moderately coarse particles and understate efficiency for the finer fraction. The concept of particle cut-size, defined as the size of particle collected with 50% mass efficiency, determined by equation 16 has been proposed (134). 

Equipment Tests. Procedures for rigorous, detailed efficiency determination are available (ASME Test Codes) but are rarely used. For the objective of defining conservation potentials, relatively simple measurements are adequate. For fired heaters, stack temperature and excess O2 ia stack should be measured for turbiaes, pressures (ia and out) and temperatures (ia and out) are needed. 

For many years, turboexpanders have been used in cryogenic processing plants to provide low-temperature refrigeration. Power recovery has been of secondary importance. Expander efficiency determines the amount of refrigeration produced and, in gas process plants, the amount of product usually depends on the available refrigeration. Accordingly, there is a large premium on efficiency and, of course, on reliability. 

Efficiency, initial The efficiency determined prior to the first loading cycle in a filter test. 

The primary measure of baghouse-system performance is its ability to consistently remove dust and other particulate matter from the dirty-air stream. Pressure drop and collection efficiency determine the effectiveness of these systems. 

Cormier, M. J., and Totter, J. R. (1957). Quantum efficiency determinations on components of the bacterial luminescence system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 25 229-237. 

For example, a 30-m column (regardless of diameter) should have a tR for argon or butane of approximately 100 sec. It appears better to set the linear velocity higher than the optimum rather than lower than the optimum to obtain good column efficiency. Determine the column temperature where the most difficult-to-separate compounds elute and set the linear velocity at that temperature. Now the column will exhibit its maximum resolving power at the point where it is needed most. 

PIB yields and molecular weights (Mvs) obtained using Et2AlCl in conjunction with f-BuCl and t-BuBr initiators and MeCl and MeBr solvents are given in Table 4. Initiator efficiencies determined at -60 °C are reported in Table 8. Polymerization was absent using f-BuI initiator or Mel solvent. 

Two macromolecular computational problems are considered (i) the atomistic modeling of bulk condensed polymer phases and their inherent non-vectorizability, and (ii) the determination of the partition coefficient of polymer chains between bulk solution and cylindrical pores. In connection with the atomistic modeling problem, an algorithm is introduced and discussed (Modified Superbox Algorithm) for the efficient determination of significantly interacting atom pairs in systems with spatially periodic boundaries of the shape of a general parallelepiped (triclinic systems). 

After aerosols are produced, various optical techniques can be used to determine their actual sizes and concentrations prior to introducing the aerosols to a sampling device. Various sizes of monodisperse aerosols can be introduced to the sampler, and its efficiency determined by measuring breakthrough using optical techniques and by... 

Plasmas compare favourably with both the chemical combustion flame and the electrothermal atomiser with respect to the efficiency of the excitation of elements. The higher temperatures obtained in the plasma result in increased sensitivity, and a large number of elements can be efficiently determined. Common plasma sources are essentially He MIP, Ar MIP and Ar ICP. Helium has a much higher ionisation potential than argon (24.5 eV vs. 15.8 eV), and thus is a more efficient ionisation source for many nonmetals, thereby resulting in improved sensitivity. Both ICPs and He MIPs are utilised as emission detectors for GC. Plasma-source mass spectrometry offers selective detection with excellent sensitivity. When coupled to chromatographic techniques such as GC, SFC or HPLC, it provides a method for elemental speciation. Plasma-source detection in GC is dominated by GC-MIP-AES... 

Schuyler, A. D., Chirikjian, G. S., Efficient determination of low-frequency normal modes of large protein structures by cluster-NMA, J. Mol. Graph. Model. 2005, 24, 46-58... 

Posokhov, Y. O., Merzlyakov, M., Hristova, K. and Ladokhin, A. S. (2008). A simple proximity correction for Forster resonance energy transfer efficiency determination in membranes using lifetime measurements. Anal. Biochem. 380, 134—6. 

A furnace used preheated air to improve its efficiency. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature (in K) when the furnace is operating at a mass air to mass fuel ratio of 16. Air enters at 600 K and the fuel enters at 298 K. Use the following approximate properties ... 

The reaction probabilities for O and OH with soot particles have been measured by Roth and co-workers in a series of shock tube experiments [58-60], They have found that both radicals react with soot particles with a collision efficiency of between 0.10 and 0.20. In contrast, the reaction probability with 02 is at least an order of magnitude lower [55], Of course, at lower temperatures and sufficiently lean mixtures, soot oxidation by radical species becomes small and oxidation by 02 is important (though slow). Consequently, soot that passes through or avoids the primary reaction zone of a flame (e.g., due to local flame quenching) may experience oxidation from 02 in the post-flame gases. Analysis of soot oxidation rates in flames [54-57] has supported the approximate value of the OH collision efficiency determined by Roth and co-workers. 

The portion AQ = AH - AG = TAS of AH is transformed into heat. Ideal theoretical efficiencies % determined by the types and amounts of reactants and by the operating temperature. Fuel cells have an efficiency advantage over combustion engines because the latter are subdued to the Carnot limitation. High thermodynamic efficiencies are possible for typical fuel cell reactions (e.g., e,h = 0.83 (at 25°C) for H2 + I/2O2 -> H20(i)). The electrical potential difference between anode and cathode, = -AG/W(f, which is also called the electromotive force or open-circuit voltage, drives electrons through the external... 

Relative efficiency determined by comparing the amount of dextran S3mthesized in the presence of each acceptor to the amount S3mthesized in the presence of maltose and assigning 100% efficiency to maltose. 

Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle 1 kg/sec of steam flow enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and leaves at 5 MPa. Steam is reheated to 600° C and enters the low-pressure turbine. Exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed in the condenser at lOkPa. Both turbines have 90% efficiency. Determine ... 

As a consequence, the perfusion bioreactor can only be operated up to a cell concentration supported by the perfusion rate In this way, spin-filter retention efficiency determines the maximum attainable cell concentration in a given perfusion process. 

In the very short time limit, q (t) will be in the reactants region if its velocity at time t = 0 is negative. Therefore the zero time limit of the reactive flux expression is just the one dimensional transition state theory estimate for the rate. This means that if one wants to study corrections to TST, all one needs to do munerically is compute the transmission coefficient k defined as the ratio of the numerator of Eq. 14 and its zero time limit. The reactive flux transmission coefficient is then just the plateau value of the average of a unidirectional thermal flux. Numerically it may be actually easier to compute the transmission coefficient than the magnitude of the one dimensional TST rate. Further refinements of the reactive flux method have been devised recently in Refs. 31,32 these allow for even more efficient determination of the reaction rate. 

A slightly modified approach has also been used in a number of studies in which the sum of (03 + N02) is plotted against NOz (e.g., St. John et al., 1998). This minimizes the effects of short-term variations in 03 caused by its rapid reaction with NO. Thus, when 03 is titrated by the NO reaction, the measured 03 concentrations will be small however, the N02 generated is a source of 03 through its subsequent photolysis. Flence the sum of (03 + N02) is sometimes chosen as a measure of the ultimate formation of ozone. The ozone production efficiency determined from slopes of plots of (03 + N02) against NOz in the Nashville, Tennessee, area was measured to be typically 5-6 if it was assumed that NOr is not removed by other processes. The production efficiency appeared to be about the same for the general urban plume and for an air mass in which a plume from a power plant was also embedded. Including other losses for NOy such as deposition lowers the estimated production efficiency by about a factor of two (St. John et al., 1998 Nunnermacker et al., 1998). 

I. Simple and Efficient Determination of Enantiomeric Purity of Alcohols and Amines... 

O) Ditto, Vol 3, -Supplement Number Two to Volume 1 (1944). Chap I [Ammonia Oxidation Plant Rapid method for estimation of ammonia in gases entering the converter Laboratory control at Ammonia Oxidation Plant Absorption tower efficiency Ammonia oxidation conversion efficiency. Determination of small amounts of nitrogen oxides (Except NgO N203) in stack gases or in atmosphere] Chap I (Pickling of... 

A very exciting development in multidimensional separation involves the coupling of LC to GC or other techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis (CE). Online coupling of LC with multidimensional GC has allowed efficient determination of the stilbene hormones in corned beef (3), whereas LC-GC coupling permitted determination of levamisole residues in milk (4). With these hyphenated techniques, the potential of selective separation is becoming increasingly apparent. 

Watwood, M. E., White, C. S. Dahm, C. N. (1991). Methodological modifications for accurate and efficient determination of contaminant biodegradation in unsaturated calcareous soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(3), 717-20. 

Rescigno, M. Perham, R. N. (1994). Structure of the NADPH-binding motif of glutathione reductase efficiency determined by evolution. Biochemistry, 33, 5721-7. 

Cholette, A. and Cloutier, L. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 37 (1959) 105. Mixing efficiency determinations for continuous flow systems. 

Carbon efficiency determines greenness of the loss of carbon in a reaction (Equation 13.8).34... 

Fournier, M. C., Falk, L. and Villerrmaux, J. (1996). A new parallel competing reaction system for assessing micromixing efficiency— Determination of micromixing time by a simple mixing model. Chemical Engineering Science, 51(23) 5187-5192. 

If one could reproduce the neutron end beta efficiencies from one mass to the next, one could use a known Pn value to determine the ratio of beta efficiency to neutron efficiency and then calculate all other Pn values using Eq. 1. With our present apparatus, the neutron efficiency is insensitive to changes from one mass number to the next, but the beta efficiency depends more critically on how the beam is tuned. We thus use Eq. 2 to calculate Pn because the beta efficiency does not appear in the expression. In some mass chains with several precursors (either isomers or isobars) it is possible to determine the beta efficiency for one of the prominent precursors from the ratio of the coincidence counting rate to the neutron counting rate. We then calculate Pn values for the other precursors in that mass chain by use of Eq. 1. In all cases we use the neutron counting efficiency determined for 9 Rb by use of Eq. 2 ond the Pn value of 13.6 0.9 X. 

---