Sodium salt toxicity

C10H10N4O2S. White powder, which darkens on exposure to light m.p. 255-256 C. Prepared by condensing p-acet-amidobenzenesulphonyl chloride with 2-aminopyrimidine and subsequent hydrolysis. Soluble sulphadiazine is the sodium salt. Sulphadiazine is the least toxic of the more potent sulphonamides. ... 

Fluoroacetic acid [144-49-OJ, FCH2COOH, is noted for its high, toxicity to animals, including humans. It is sold in the form of its sodium salt as a rodenticide and general mammalian pest control agent. The acid has mp, 33°C bp, 165°C heat of combustion, —715.8 kJ/mol( —171.08 kcal/mol) (1) enthalpy of vaporization, 83.89 kJ /mol (20.05 kcal/mol) (2). Some thermodynamic and transport properties of its aqueous solutions have been pubHshed (3), as has the molecular stmcture of the acid as deterrnined by microwave spectroscopy (4). Although first prepared in 1896 (5), its unusual toxicity was not pubhshed until 50 years later (6). The acid is the toxic constituent of a South African plant Dichapetalum i mosum better known as gifirlaar (7). At least 24 other poisonous plant species are known to contain it (8). 

The metallic salts of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid can be prepared by reaction of the acid with the corresponding hydroxide or carbonate or by reaction of sulfonyl fluoride with the corresponding hydroxide. The salts are hydroscopic but can be dehydrated at 100°C under vacuum. The sodium salt has a melting point of 248°C and decomposes at 425°C. The lithium salt of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid [33454-82-9] CF SO Li, commonly called lithium triflate, is used as a battery electrolyte in primary lithium batteries because solutions of it exhibit high electrical conductivity, and because of the compound s low toxicity and excellent chemical stabiUty. It melts at 423°C and decomposes at 430°C. It is quite soluble in polar organic solvents and water. Table 2 shows the electrical conductivities of lithium triflate in comparison with other lithium electrolytes which are much more toxic (24). 

The anti-inflammatory agent Oxapro2in, 2-(4,5-diphenyl-2-oxa2ole)propionic acid mono aluminum and dihydroxyalurninum salts, is made by reaction of the sodium salt with aluminum sulfate under controlled conditions (96). Again, the aluminum salts of many carboxylic acid based dmgs are less irritating, ulcerous, and/or toxic, and have a more pleasant taste than their parent acids. 

Health and Safety Factors. MSA is a strong toxic acid and is corrosive to skin. The acute oral toxicity of the sodium salt in mice LD q is 6.2 g/kg. The 1976 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances Hsts certain reaction products of MSA as having suspected mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activity (410). 

The monoalkyl derivatives in salt form appear to have low toxicity. The monomethyl sulfate sodium salt has an approximate oral lethal dose greater than 5000 mg/kg of body weight for rats (129). Monododecyl sulfate sodium salt is widely marketed as a detergent and shampoo ingredient (oral LD q 1268 mg/kg for rats) (126). Both dimethyl sulfate and monomethyl sulfate occur in the environment in coal fly-ash and in airborne particulate matter (130). 

Phenol was the first commercial antiseptic its introduction into hospitals in the 1870s led to a dramatic decrease in deaths from postoperative infections. Its use for this purpose has long since been abandoned because phenol burns exposed tissue, but many modern antiseptics are phenol derivatives. Toluene has largely replaced benzene as a solvent because it is much less toxic. Oxidation of toluene in the body gives benzoic acid, which is readily eliminated and has none of the toxic properties of the oxidation products of benzene. Indeed, benzoic acid or its sodium salt (Na+, C6H5COO ions) is widely used as a preservative in foods and beverages, including fruit juices and soft drinks. 

The first clinical trials were performed in the 1970 s using a sodium salt derivative with an open E-ting (Fig. 1). However, the clinical efficacy was limited and severe bladder toxicity led to the termination of the clinical trials. The poor efficacy of the camptothecin sodium salt in those clinical trials was probably due to the fact that the open E-ring form of camptothecin (carboxylate derivative) is inactive as a Topi inhibitor. Following the identification of Topi as a target of camptothecin, water-soluble derivatives were produced by the pharmaceutical industry. Two of these water-soluble derivatives have been approved by the FDA for cancer treatment in the early 2000s topotecan and irinotecan. 

PCP presents a different picture from that of the lower chlorophenols and their derivatives. The corresponding dioxin shows much more stability to light than does TCDD, enough to permit its prolonged existence at low concentrations in a photoreactor. As a phenol it can directly yield dioxins, a process favored by its normal mode of application as the sodium salt. Although octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has much lower mammalian toxicity than TCDD (6), its formation, properties, and effects demand additional investigation. Technical preparations of PCP are frequently mixtures of tetra- and pentachlorophenols consequently, hepta-and possibly hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins might be expected as photolysis products in addition to the octachloro derivative. 

This compound, used as 1 % aqueous solution of sodium salt, was toxic to moth and highly toxic to codling moth. 

Toxic pollutants found in the mercury cell wastewater stream include mercury and some heavy metals like chromium and others stated in Table 22.8, some of them are corrosion products of reactions between chlorine and the plant materials of construction. Virtually, most of these pollutants are generally removed by sulfide precipitation followed by settling or filtration. Prior to treatment, sodium hydrosulfide is used to precipitate mercury sulfide, which is removed through filtration process in the wastewater stream. The tail gas scrubber water is often recycled as brine make-up water. Reduction, adsorption on activated carbon, ion exchange, and some chemical treatments are some of the processes employed in the treatment of wastewater in this cell. Sodium salts such as sodium bisulfite, sodium hydrosulfite, sodium sulfide, and sodium borohydride are also employed in the treatment of the wastewater in this cell28 (Figure 22.5). 

It may be taken for granted that, if there is a wide variance in the potassium needs of individuals, the sodium needs vary also. We shall, however, dismiss this subject by commenting that the human consumption of sodium chloride is said to vary from 2 to 30 gm. per day,5 and that sodium salts become highly toxic when there is a potassium deficiency.6 It seems to the writer extremely unlikely that variations in sodium consumption should be attributed wholly to differences in "habit." The whole subject of low-salt diets needs to be re-examined with these facts in mind. 

Onitsuka, S.. Kasai. Y.. and Yoshimura, K. Quantitative structure-toxicity activity relationship of fatty acids and the sodium salts to aquatic organisms. Chemosphere, 18(7/8) 1621-1631, 1989. 

Representatives of another important class of plant-derived semisynthetic compounds are the camptothecin (27) derivatives, irinotecan (28) and topotecan (29). Camptothecin (27) was originally discovered as an antileukemic agent in a mouse model when isolated from Camptotheca acuminata Decne. Compounds (28) and (29) are both employed in cancer chemotherapy. These substances are important mechanistically because of their activity against the enzyme, topoisomerase I. These compounds were designed to address efficacy and toxicity concerns with the parent compound, camptothecin, and its sodium salt. ... 

The natural concentration of fluoride in drinking water varies from trace amounts to toxic concentrations. Because of the low natural levels of fluoride in some water supplies and the high levels of dental caries, many authorities worldwide have permitted, or instigated, fluoridation of water supplies. The first artificial fluoridation trials started in 1945 in two towns in America - Newburgh and Grand Rapids [43], Commonly used compounds for water fluoridation are sodium or potassium fluoride or hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) and its sodium salt (Na2SiFe). 

N 5.83% mp 83°, is not listed as an explosive, but its anhydrous Potassium salt explodes with violence at 160-165° and the Sodium salt (also called Chloramine T) at 175-180°.. Large quan tities of the Na salt are toxic (Refs 3 12) Nitrobenzene-m-sulfonchloramide, Potassium and Sodium Salts. 02NC6H4S02K NC1 mw 274.72, N 10.20% and 02NC6H4S02Na NCl mw 258.61, N 10.83%. Both anhydrous salts are explosive. The first explodes at 155° the second at 175° (Ref 12)... 

This method is preferable to reaction (6) since the sodium salt is formed instead of the volatile and highly toxic hydrazoic acid. 

Phenyldiazomethane, 1, 834. A new method for preparation of this (and other aryl-diazomethanes) involves a vacuum pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzaldehyde tosylhydrazone, a method introduced for carrying out the Bamford-Stevens reaction. The yield is 80%, the highest yield yet reported. Another advantage is that the reagent is obtained free from solvents. The pyrolysis can also be coitducted in ethylene glycol at 80° with extraction of the aryldiazomethane into hexane.1 Caution All diazo compounds arc highly toxic and potentially explosive. 

The sodium and potassium salts of S02 are simpler and more pleasant to use as they do not have the odor of the pure liquid or the 5% water solution. They are rapidly soluble in must where they react with a small portion of the natural acid present to liberate S02. There are two sodium salts of S02 available, Na2S03 (neutral sodium sulfite) and NaHS03 (sodium acid sulfite). The latter compound introduces less sodium into the wine and removes less acid from the wine for an equivalent amount of S02 liberated. Potassium acid sulfite and potassium pyrosulfite (potassium metabisulfite) are the two salts of potassium with S02 that are readily available, soluble in grape juice, and capable of yielding S02 upon reaction with the acid of the juice. Potassium salt is recommended when it is desired to keep the wine low in sodium ion content for diet reasons. The salts should be edible or food product grade, that is, free of heavy metals and other toxic impurities. They must be stored in tightly closed containers or they will react with the water vapor and... 

Thallium cyclopentadienide is often used when the reducing power of the sodium salt is too great. The limited solubility of the thallium complex in organic solvents and its toxicity are its chief disadvantages. 

Within this group, the linear polymers have been most intensively studied and researched. The main area of interest lies in water-soluble polymers. However, there have also been many studies into organic solutions, although there exist problems with odor and toxicity in the case of analytical studies. Among the water-soluble additives, tests were made especially on polyethyleneoxide (PEO), polyacrylamide and the coacrylates (PAAm, PAAm/AAcNa), polyacrylic add (PAA), guar gum (GG), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and sodium salts, as well as hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). From these tests, PEO proved to be the most effective flow improver, followed closely by PAAm, which is somewhat more stable than PEO in turbulent flow. 

Two aliphatic acids possess, for grasses, many of the growth-distortion and toxicity effects associated with the synthetic auxins on dicotyledonous plants. Trichloroacetic acid and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), as the sodium salts, have been called grass "hormones or auxins, although Wilkinson184 could find no growth stimulation at low concentrations, and described dalapon as an antiauxin from its interference with indole-3-acetic acid effects. The herbicidal properties of trichloroacetate do not depend on its protein-denaturing ability, and those of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid involve, at least indirectly, the synthesis of pantothenic acid. 

Corboxymethylcellulose(CMC). A cellulose glycolate compd that has achieved great coml importance in recent years. The Sodium salt is its most important deriv col, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, hygro powd combustible when finely ground. The trademark for one tech grade coml product is "Carbose (Ref 2). 

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