Toxic constituents

Poisonous honey (pontius or insane honey) has been known since the time of the Greek historian and general, Xenophon, and the Roman writer, Plinius, It comes mostly from bees collecting their nectar from rhododendron species (Asia Minor, Caucasus Mountains) some plants of the 

Honey should be protected from air moisture and kept at temperatures lower than 10 °C when stored. The desired temperature range for use is 18-24°C. 

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Coniine (12), impHcated by Plato in the death of Socrates, is the major toxic constituent of Conium maculatum L. (poison hemlock) and, as pointed out eadier, was apparendy the first alkaloid to be synthesized. For years it was thought that coniine was derived from lysine (24), as were many of its obvious relatives containing reduced piperidine nuclei and a side chain, eg, peUetierine (46). However, it is now known (99) that coniine is derived from a polyketooctanoic acid [7028-40-2] (138), CgH QO, or some other similar straight chain analogue. 

Fluoroacetic acid [144-49-OJ, FCH2COOH, is noted for its high, toxicity to animals, including humans. It is sold in the form of its sodium salt as a rodenticide and general mammalian pest control agent. The acid has mp, 33°C bp, 165°C heat of combustion, —715.8 kJ/mol( —171.08 kcal/mol) (1) enthalpy of vaporization, 83.89 kJ /mol (20.05 kcal/mol) (2). Some thermodynamic and transport properties of its aqueous solutions have been pubHshed (3), as has the molecular stmcture of the acid as deterrnined by microwave spectroscopy (4). Although first prepared in 1896 (5), its unusual toxicity was not pubhshed until 50 years later (6). The acid is the toxic constituent of a South African plant Dichapetalum i mosum better known as gifirlaar (7). At least 24 other poisonous plant species are known to contain it (8). 

I. E. Leiner, Toxic Constituents of FlantFoodstuffs, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1980. 

Toxic Constituents. The seed coat of European beechnut contains an unidentified toxic substance that makes the feeding of beechnut cake to certain farm animals ha2ardous (47). A toxic concentration (up to 4000 ppm) of barium found in some Bra2il nut kernels (30,48) has been reported to... 

The ammonium salts of vanadic acid and vanadium pentoxide have been Hsted as toxic constituents in soHd wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (27). 

W. G.Jaffe, Toxic Constituents ofPlantFoodstuffs Hemaglutinis, Ac3.deinicPtess,Inc.,NewYoik, 1969, Chapt. 3. 

Air curtains for process equipment are designed to prevent toxic constituents from entering the room through apertures of the equipment. 

Bickel and Wibaut found in feeding experiments with rats and mice that leucenol is probably the toxic constituent of Leuccena glauca seeds, but they did not observe with these animals the loss of hair which seems to occur when these seeds are fed to cattle. ... 

Alkaloids of Goukd ok Calabash Curare. The toxic constituent of this form, as prepared by Boehm, was an amorphous curarine to which the formula C gHjgONj was assigned. Gourd curare has been investigated in recent years by Wieland et aZ. and by Schmid and Karrer. ... 

Toxic constituents such as heavy metals, cyanides, etc. ... 

Nonvolatile Inhibitors. Glycosides A number of toxic constituents are known to be released by the enzymatic degradation of various glycosides. Some of the volatile components have been mentioned previously—i.e., isothiocyanates from mustard oil glycosides and hydrogen cyanide from cyanogenic glycosides. 

Fenwick, G. R. 1988. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). Toxic effects and toxic constituents. J. Sci. Pood Agile. 46 147-173. 

Luster-Teasley SL, JJ Yao, HH Herner, JE Trosko, SJ Masten (2002) Ozonation of chrysene evaluation of byproduct mixtures and identification of toxic constituent. Environ Sci Technol 36 869-876. 

Direct discharges are discharges from point sources into surface water pursuant to a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. NPDES permits are granted on a case-by-case basis and limit the permissible concentration of toxic constituents or conventional pollutants in effluents discharged to a waterway. These limits are generally established on the basis of the best available treatment technology and, where necessary, to protect surface water quality standards. 

Comparable fuels. In order to promote the recycling of materials with high fuel values, certain materials that are burned as fuels are excluded from the definition of solid waste, provided that they meet certain specifications (i.e., are of a certain degree of purity). This is to ensure that the material does not exceed certain levels of toxic constituents and physical properties that might impede burning. Materials that meet this specification are considered comparable to pure or virgin fuels. 

Because many batteries contain toxic constituents such as mercury and cadmium, they pose a potential threat to human health and the environment when improperly disposed. Although batteries generally make up only a tiny portion of MSW, <1%, they account for a disproportionate amount of the toxic heavy metals in MSW. For example, the U.S. EPA has reported that, as of 1995, nickel-cadmium batteries accounted for 75% of the cadmium found in MSW. When MSW is incinerated or disposed of in landfills, under certain improper management scenarios, these toxics can be released into the environment. 

Sources 1 BC Research, CPAR Report 245-1, Identification of the Toxic Constituents in Kraft Mill Bleach Plant Effluents . May 1974, p. 22. 2 BC Research, CPAR Report 245-2, Identification of the Toxic Constituents in Kraft Mill Bleach Plant Effluents . May 1975, p. 31. 3 R.H. Voss, J.T. Wearing and A. Wong. Effect of Hardwood Chlorination Conditions on the Formation of Toxic Chlorinated Compounds , Tappi, 1981, 64, 3, pp. 167-170. 4 R.H. Voss, J.T. Wearing and A. Wong, Effect of Softwood Chlorination Conditions on the Formation of Toxic Chlorinated Compounds , 1979 CPPA/TS Environmental Conference, Victoria BC, Canada, November 1979. 

Sources 1 J.M. Leach and A.N. Thakore, Toxic Constituents in Mechanical Pulping Effluents , Tappi, 1976, 59, 2, pp. 129-132. 2 L.T.K. Cheng, H.P. Meier and J.M. Leach, Can Pulp-mill Effluent Toxicity be Estimated from Chemical Analysis , Tappi, 1979, 62, pp. 71-74. 3 J.M. Leach and L.T.K. Chung, Development of a Chemical Toxicity Assay for Pulp Mill Effluents , US EPA Publication, No. EPA-600/2-80-206, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati. 

Characteristics of solid and liquid residuals in relation to land disposal restrictions requirements using the toxic constituent leaching procedure and analysis of the underlying hazardous constituents such that implementation of proper disposal options can be ensured. 

Other components likely to be found in both seawater and brackish water are heavy metals and organic matter, both of which will impact the composition of the concentrate. Heavy metals and other toxic constituents are found in all water sources, but they are more likely to found in inland water sources rather than... 

Conventional refinery wastewater treatment technology is mainly concerned with removing oU, organics, and suspended solids before discharge. However, because of new stringent discharge requirements for specific toxic constituents as well as whole-effluent toxicity, specific advanced treatment processes are becoming a necessity for many refineries. This section describes the... 

Many refineries in the United States are being required to control whole-effluent toxicity as well as specific toxic constituents to meet new wastewater discharge limits. There can be a variety of toxic constituents that may need to be controlled, depending on waste characteristics and local water quality objectives. The more common constituents in refinery wastewater include cyanide and heavy metals. The treatment processes for control of whole-effluent toxicity, cyanide, and heavy metals are discussed below. 

Allison, M. J. (1978). The role of ruminal microbes in the metabolism of toxic constituents from plants. In Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock, ed. R. F. Keeler, K. R. Van Kampen, and L. J. James, pp. 101-118. New York Academic Press. 

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