Other poisons

Chlorine typically originates from the process feed water (or from air in coastal areas) or as organic chlorine compounds. Chlorine does not adsorb on nickel catalysts, on the contrary any chlorine content in the fresh catalyst will leave the catalyst during operation [389] [391]. A nickel catalyst may even be used for steam reforming of chlorine carbons [129]. However, chlorine is withheld if the catalyst contains alkali. If so, chlorine is reported to deactivate the reforming catalyst [85]. A catalyst with pre-impregnation of chlorine showed less of a decrease in the initial activity than was the case for sulphur [389]. 

Arsenic may come from the feed, impurities and some zinc-oxide masses for desulphurisation, or from the C02-removal system (Vetro-coke). In contrast, calcium and zinc transferred from the zinc-oxide vessel has no deactivating effect on the reforming catalyst. 

Arsenic may poison nickel catalysts by forming a less active Ni-As alloy [389], although the poisoning effect is much less than that observed for sulphur. The reformer tube may also pick up arsenic, which may then be transferred to subsequent catalyst charges [86]. A similar effect may be experienced with phosphor. A test reactor made from a steel alloy containing phosphor led to steady deactivation of the reforming catalyst [29]. 

In addition the catalyst may be deactivated or fouled by impurities of iron, silica, etc. in the feedgas. 

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Fluoroacetic acid [144-49-OJ, FCH2COOH, is noted for its high, toxicity to animals, including humans. It is sold in the form of its sodium salt as a rodenticide and general mammalian pest control agent. The acid has mp, 33°C bp, 165°C heat of combustion, —715.8 kJ/mol( —171.08 kcal/mol) (1) enthalpy of vaporization, 83.89 kJ /mol (20.05 kcal/mol) (2). Some thermodynamic and transport properties of its aqueous solutions have been pubHshed (3), as has the molecular stmcture of the acid as deterrnined by microwave spectroscopy (4). Although first prepared in 1896 (5), its unusual toxicity was not pubhshed until 50 years later (6). The acid is the toxic constituent of a South African plant Dichapetalum i mosum better known as gifirlaar (7). At least 24 other poisonous plant species are known to contain it (8). 

Use of some biomass feedstocks can increase potential environmental risks. Municipal solid waste can contain toxic materials that can produce dioxins and other poisons in the flue gas, and these should not be burned without special emission controls. Demolition wood can contain lead from paint, other heavy metals, creosote, and halides used in presen a-tive treatments. Sewage sludge has a high amount of sulfur, and sulfur dioxide emission can increase if sewage sludge is used as a feedstock. 

Other poisons (modifiers) used to create such selective Pd catalysts may be metals 23 Zn, Cd, Zr, Ru, Au, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ag, Pb, Sb, and Sn or solvents (organic modifiers) 24 pyridine, quinoline, piperidine, aniline, diethylamine, other amines, chlorobenzene, and sulfur compounds. Hydroxides have also been used to increase the half-hydrogenation selectivity of Pd. 

Undoubtedly, fire hazard is partially associated with the toxicity of the smoke itself. The smoke of a variety of common materials, as measured e.g. by the NBS cup furnace toxicity test [10], has recently been compared with the intrinsic toxic potency of other poisons and of toxic gases, as well as with toxicity categories [11]. It has been shown that toxicity is a relatively minor factor because there is very little difference between the intrinsic toxic potency of the smoke of the majority of common materials, with very few exceptions. 

Uncertified coal-tar dyes are likely to contain arsenic and other poisonous material, which, when used in food, may render such food injurious to health and, therefore, adulterated under the law. 

In all cases where foods subject to the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, are found colored with dyes which contain either arsenic or other poisonous or deleterious ingredient which may render such foods injurious to health, the cases will be reported to the Department of Justice and prosecutions had" (63). 

Halstead, B.W., et al.. Other poisonous marine animals, in Hui, Y., et al., eds., Foodborne Disease Handbook, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994. 

As mentioned above we obtained most of the poison for our chemical and biological work from the Alaska butter clam. However our search for a dinoflagellate or any other poisonous organism in the water as a source of the poison in the clams was never definitely accomplished. In 1948, and in some years following, along with a survey for toxic butter clams in Southeastern Alaska by the staff at the Fishery Products Research Laboratory at Ketchikan, 1 collected plankton in areas where the clams were found to be toxic. Mouse assays of the plankton showed no toxicity. Microscopic examination of the water in these areas showed heavy growth of microscopic plankton but little or no evidence of... 

DETAILS - Colchicine is a plant drug used in the treatment of gout. It is a very efficient poison in view of its very low toxic dose and the fact that an autopsy will show only the symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. This does not, however, mean it is undetectable. It only means that it is likely to be overlooked. It is also very useful as a dart poison, especially when nicotine is used as a binder. Colchicine is great for small caliber (,22)bullets, as they usually won t hold enough of most other poisons to do any good. It dissolves slowly in water, but faster in dilute ethanol (liquor). As with any plant alkaloid, it is best to harvest the... 

The aminopyridines (4-aminopyridine 3,4-diaminopyri-dine) accelerate spontaneous exocytosis at central and peripheral synapses. There is also an increase in the number of transmitter quanta released by a nerve action potential. This is probably the result of increased Ca++ inflow at the terminals due to a reduction of K+ conductance and prolongation of the nerve action potential. Muscle strength is increased in patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and in others poisoned with botuUnum E toxin (discussed later). Improvement in uncontrolled spasms, muscle tone, and pulmonary function is noted in patients with multiple sclerosis or long-standing spinal cord damage. Side effects that limit clinical utility include convulsions, restlessness, insomnia, and elevated blood pressure. Of the two agents, 3,4-diaminopyridine is the more potent and crosses the blood-brain barrier less readily. 

Toxicology deals with the side/adverse effects and other poisonous effects of drugs, since the same drug can be a poison, depending on the dose. 

In the management of refractory edema, the high ceiling diuretics may be used in conjunction with other types of diuretics. They are also useful for forced diuresis in hypnotic or other poisonings. 

Although many supplements are commonly advertised as being natural, this does not make them automatically safer or better than drugs or synthetic ingredients. In many cases, there is much less credible information about the effects of particular natural products or their ingredients, and there is more product variability. Product quality and variability are known safety concerns (27,28). Natural products can contain anything found in our environment—including pesticides, bacteria, molds, heavy metals, and other poisons—as has been documented in the literature. 

Cellular hypoxia may occur in spite of adequate ventilation and oxygen administration when poisoning is due to cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and other poisons that interfere with transport or utilization of oxygen. Such patients may not be cyanotic, but cellular hypoxia is evident by the development of tachycardia, hypotension, severe lactic acidosis, and signs of ischemia on the electrocardiogram. 

If you have been poisoned by an arsenic or mercury compound, or byacyanide, immediately see a physician. The precautions to be taken when working with other poisonous substances are indicated in the relevant sections of the book. 

The benefits of fission power are plentiful electricity, conservation of many billions of tons of fossil fuels annually, and the elimination of the megatons of sulfur oxides and other poisons put into the air each year by the burning of fossil fuels. The drawbacks are the formation of massive quantities of radioactive wastes that require long-term safe storage. 

A method for determining the quantity of bromopicrin certain other poisons or vesicants by reaction with sulfhydryl(-SH) substances was reported by Fischer(Ref 3)... 

The common use of arsenic for murder inspired John Kesselring s 1939 play Arsenic and Old Lace, where some older women spike elderberry wine with arsenic and other poisons to kill off suitors (Nriagu, 2002), 8-9. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, arsenic continues to be a popular poison among murderers, including serial killers. For example, 718 people were poisoned in Argentina in 1987 when vandals added arsenic to meat in a butcher shop (Gorby, 1994), 3. 

Some Psilocybe mushroom eaters, in an effort to avoid LSD and PCP tainted varieties sold on the street, try to pick their own mushrooms. In theory, this should be easy to do. Psilocybe (species containing psilocybin) mushrooms grow naturally around the world and in the United States particularly in the Pacific Northwest and southeastern states. Mushroom hunters often seek out cow pastures, riverbanks, pine forests, and wood chips in search of over 90 known species of Psilocybe mushrooms. The problem, though, is that it is very difficult to tell the difference between Psilocybe and other poisonous mushrooms. Psilocybe and poisonous look-alikes can grow side by side. 

The academic question, therefore, of whether or not some other poison gas would have been better suited for the mass murders instead of hydrogen cyanide in the form of Zyklon B cannot, in the last analysis, be answered, since there are no scientifically documented experimental values for mass murder by poison gas. 

D - Other poisons - Active site poisoning by e.g. Sodium - Sodium Catcher/Resistance... 

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