Fluoridation, water

Teflon is a carbon-based molecule with lots of fluorine. Might flossing with Teflon-coated dental floss be a good way of introducing additional fluoride to your teeth  

What kind of pressures might a scientist face if she discovered evidence suggesting that fluoridated water had neurotoxic effects in rats Assume she works for the govern ment, for a government-funded university, for a private research firm not retated to dental health, or for a professional dental association. 

The most common form of fluoride added to municipal drinking water today is hydroflusilidc acid, H SiFe, which is obtained from the antipollution smokestack scrubbers of the phosphate fertilizer industry. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this system If water fluoridation were banned, what 

How could the Newburgh/Kingston 1 rials have been designed to assure that the results were not affected by the bias of profluoridation dentists and government offidals Were government officials justified when they published the preliminary results  

Vitamin B-12 defidency affects about one-quarler of the U.S. population and is more common in the elderly.This defidency is often undetected and can lead to devastating and irreversible complications. Should vitamin B-12 lie added to municipal drinking water Why or why not  

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Water clarification Water, cooling Water desalination Water dispersions Water drainage Water fastness Water fluoridation... 

Health and Safety Factors. The low solubiUty of calcium fluoride reduces the potential problem of fluoride-related toxicity. Water saturated with calcium fluoride has a fluoride concentration of 8.1 ppm as compared to the recommended water fluoridation level of 1 ppm fluoride ion. However, because the solubiUty of calcium fluoride ia stomach acid is higher, continued oral ingestion of calcium fluoride could produce symptoms of fluorosis. The adopted TWA limit for fluorides as F is 2.5 mg/m (68,69). 

Some manufacturers recover by-products from the process. FluosiUcic acid [16961-83-4] which is used in water fluoridation, can easily be recovered from the plant vent gases, which contain SiF ... 

The incidence of dental caries has decreased dramatically in recent years. It has fallen to such an extent as to reduce the need for professional dental health services related to caries significantly. The cause is not clear, but water fluoridation, addition of fluoride to toothpaste, and other modes of fluoride adrninistration are generally conceded to be important contributors to the phenomenon and the American Dental Association recommends use of a fluoride toothpaste for all patients (10). 

Water fluoridation d Saccharin d Water chlorine d Water chlorination d Oral contraceptives d Valium d... 

NaF for water fluoridation, wood preservatives, the formulation of insecticides and fungicides, and use as a fluxing agent. It is also used to remove HF from gaseous Fz in the manufacture and purification of Fz-SnFz in toothpastes to prevent dental caries,... 

McClure, F.J. "Water Fluoridation The Search and the Victory" U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Bethesda, Maryland, 1970. 

Table 1. Mean DMFT (damaged, missing, filled teeth) in two regions of Ireland, showing the effect of water fluoridation [4]...

A major benefit of water fluoridation to children is that it reduces disparities between socio-economic groups [133,134], Children in lower socio-economic groups tend to suffer more severely from dental caries, and though the reasons for this are not clear, the result has been confirmed in many parts of the world. Children in these groups therefore benefit enormously from fluoridation of the water supply and in areas where the water supply is fluoridated, the differences in dental caries experience between the social classes are much less than in non-fluoridated areas [135],... 

Dentifrices, more commonly called toothpastes, are a widely used source of fluoride for the majority of the population in the developed world. First introduced in the 1970s, fluoride-containing toothpastes accounted for over 90% of the market in the industrialised nations by the 1990s [151], Because not all countries fluoridate their drinking water, fluoridated toothpastes are, for many people in the world, the most important source of this element for oral health. 

K.E. Heller, W. Sohn, B.A. Burt, S.A. Ekiund, Water consumption in the United States in 1994-96 and implications for the water fluoridation policy, J. Public Health Dent. 59(1999) 3-11. 

R.D. Jackson, S.A. Kelly, B. Katz, E. Brizendine, G.K. Stookey, Dental fluorosis in children residing in communities with different water fluoride levels 33 month followup, Pediatr. Dent. 21 (1999) 248-254. 

S.O. Griffen, E.D. Beltran, S.A. Lockwood, L.K. Barker, Esthetically objectionable fluorosis attributable to water fluoridation. Common. Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 30 (2002) 199-209. 

L.L. Demos, H. Kazda, F.M. Cicuttini, M.l. Sinclair, C.K. Fairley, Water fluoridation, osteoporosis, fractures—Recent developments, Aust. Dent. J. 46 (2001) 80-87. 

S.J. Jacobsen, J. Golberg, C. Cooper, S.A. Lockwood, The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and med aged 65 years and older, Ann. Epidemiol. 2 (1992) 617-626. 

E. Newbrun, Effectiveness of water fluoridation, J. Public Health Dent. 49 (1989) 279-289. 

C.M. Jones, G.O. Taylor, J.G. Whittle, D. Evans, D.P. Trotter, Water fluoridation, tooth decay in 5 year olds, and social deprivation measured by the Jarman score Analysis of data from British dental surveys. Br. Med. J. 315 (1997) 514-517. 

D.M. O Mullane, J. Clarkson, T. Holland, S. O Hickey, H. Whelton, Effectiveness of water fluoridation in the prevention of dental caries in Irish children, Commun. Dent. Health 5 (1988) 331-344. 

Most epidemiological research has indicated that an intake of at least 10 mg/day for 10 or more years is needed to produce clinical signs of the milderforms of osteosclerosis [8]. Water fluoride concentrations of 4-8 mg/L in temperate climates have not been found to be associated with any signs or symptoms of skeletal fluorosis [6]. This data should be regarded with scepticism in view of reports from a number of developing countries that endemic skeletal fluorosis occurs in individuals whose drinking water contains more than 6 mg/L of fluoride [6]. 

The natural concentration of fluoride in drinking water varies from trace amounts to toxic concentrations. Because of the low natural levels of fluoride in some water supplies and the high levels of dental caries, many authorities worldwide have permitted, or instigated, fluoridation of water supplies. The first artificial fluoridation trials started in 1945 in two towns in America - Newburgh and Grand Rapids [43], Commonly used compounds for water fluoridation are sodium or potassium fluoride or hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) and its sodium salt (Na2SiFe). 

According to WHO [6] recommendations, the absolute upper concentration for fluoride in drinking water is 1 mg/L. Yet even this concentration can be too high for many parts of the world due, not only to the greater consumption of water in hot climates, but also to the increasing levels of fluoride in, and increased consumption of, processed drinks and foods, the variety of dental practices and different lifestyles. WHO [6] therefore suggested that the level of 1.0 mg/L should be seen as an absolute upper limit, even in cold climates, while 0.5 mg/L may be appropriate lower limit. The history of water fluoridation and its value in the early years of the 21st century have recently been reviewed by Mullen [105]. 

The major source of fluoride intake in adults is diet. Estimates for dietary fluoride intake for adults, by age groups and water fluoridation status, are presented in Table 4 [126,127,129,131,132,145-151],... 

Table 4. Estimated intake of fluoride from diet for adults by age groups and water fluoridation status expressed as ranges or averages... 

Non- fluoridated water Fluoridated water d Non- fluoridated water Fluoridated water Non- fluoridated area Fluoridated area ... 

E. Newbrun, Current regulations and recommendations concerning water fluoridation, fluoride supplements, and topical fluoride agents, J. Dent. Res. 71 (1992) 1255-1265. 

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