Skin-cleansing products

While the Dove formulation has undergone relatively minor changes since its launch in the U.S. in 1955, the marketing concept has seen major changes. Today s Dove is marketed on a platform of extreme mildness to skin as evidenced by its neutral pH, and has been extended into different skin cleansing product forms (e.g. Dove Body Wash) as well as other personal care products (e g. Dove Shampoo, Dove Deodorant) [3], However, the original problem definition had a very different focus. 

For damaged skin, mild, nonantimicrobial skin-cleansing products may be used to remove dirt and debris. If antimicrobial action is needed (e.g.,... 

After whole-body washing with 30 ml of a 3% skin-cleansing product once daily, blood concentrations in 36 adults reached a plateau of about... 

The formulation of skin cleansing products with exfoliating benefits has been subject of several patents. The materials claimed to provide exfoliation in these products include sugars, inorganic salts, calcite [31] and silica, clays, polymeric materials such as polyethylene powders [32], and crushed seed powders from walnut, apricot kernel, and almond. 

Hydroxy-3-( trimethylammonio )propyl] ether Hi-Care 1000 [65497-29-2] Used in hair conditioning and skin cleansing products. 2-Hydroxypropyl ether Jaguar HP-11 [39421-75-5] Used in oil-well fracturing fluids and liq. slurry explosives. Goldstein, A.M. et al., Ind Gums, 2nd edn., (eda Whistler, R.L. et al). Academic Press, 1973, 303-321 (rev)... 

Amphoteric surfactants [If 18.4.]. The best known amphoteric surfactants include alkylamidobetain (e.g. cocoamidopropylbetain) and alkylamidoglycinate. Similar in structure to QACs, they also show anti-microbial efficacy (Garrand, 1985). In particular, a concentration of 15% has been shown to produce good anti-microbial efficacy. Amphoteric surfactants are frequently mixed with anionic surfactants to improve skin compatibility in hair and skin cleansing products. 

PG is also used to prevent slow deterioration of cosmetics and personal care products caused by chemical reactions with oxygen, inhibiting the formation or accumulation of free radicals that may cause the deterioration of the product. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that PG was safe in the practices of use in cosmetics and personal care products at concentrations less than or equal to 0.1% [5]. It is used in many product categories, including lipsticks, bath products, skin cleansing products, moisturizers, skin care products, makeup products, self-tanning products, and sunscreen and suntan products. 

Soap as used in personal cleansing products has a long safe history of use. Modem soaps have been specifically formulated to be compatible with skin and to be used on a daily basis with minimal side effects. Excessive use of soap for skin cleansing can dismpt the natural barrier function of skin through the removal of skin oils and dismption of the Hpid bdayer in skin. This can result in imperfect desquamation or a dry appearance to skin and cause an irritation response or erythema, ie, reddening of the skin. Neither of these is a permanent response and the eHcitation of this type of skin reaction depends on the individual s skin type, the product formulation, and the frequency of use. 

More serious than dermatoses caused by skin contact with Tetryl, TNT, DNT, Hg-Fulminate, solvents etc, during explosives and ammunition production, are exposures to toxic dusts, fumes and vapors. Among these are TNT, DNT, oxides of N, Pb-dusts and vapors, and solvent vapors. Special skin cleansing agents and solns for detecting these harmful materials on the skin are discussed in Ref 1... 

The use of aloe as a laxative is mentioned in Greek literature before the first century. The Greek physician Dioscorides wrote of its use in treating wounds, chapping, hair loss, genital ulcers, hemorrhoids, boils, mouth irritation, and inflammation. In the 7th century, aloe was used in the East for eczema and sinusitis. Today, aloe is often prescribed to heal wounds, bums, skin ulcers, frostbite, and dry skin. It is an ingredient in teas for dieters because of its laxative effect and is found in body-cleansing products as well (see Chapter 12). 

There are also personal cleansing products formulated so as to provide certain ingredients that will be left behind on the skin once the cleansing product is washed off. Such (water soluble) ingredients may be formulated into multiple emulsions or liposomes. 

From the literature, little is known about the impact of cosmetic products on skin pH. Skin possesses buffering capacity, which protects it against changes of pH. It has been shown that after application of alkaline preparation, elevated outside skin pH decreases back toward acidic values.5,14 21 Such change of pH may occur also after application of a cosmetic product. This issue is barely mentioned in case of stay-on products, like moisturizers. Rinse-off cleansing products are investigated more often, in terms of their influence on skin pH and the correlation between their pH and the irritancy potential. 

Similarly as in case of stay-on products, there are several questions waiting to be answered about the impact of pH of rinse-off cleansing products on the skin, its pH, and the skin barrier function. One of the issues investigated was the influence on skin microflora, showing that when skin pH increased after repeated use of an alkaline soap, the count of propionibacteria rose significantly 64 Moreover, the irritancy properties of cleansing products have often been associated with their pH, but several studies show that there is no direct correlation between those two features.62,68-70 The reported difference in irritancy potential between cleansers with various pH may depend on the combination of surfactants and their inherent irritating capacity, rather than the pH of the products.61... 

Although there is a transient increase in skin water content during cleansing, cleansing products can reduce water content of skin ... 

Kajs, T. and Gartstein, V., Review of the instrumental assessment of skin effects of cleansing products. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 42 249-271, 1991. 

Ertel, K., Neuman, P., Hartwig, P., Rains, G., and Keswick, B., Leg wash protocol to assess the skin moisturization potential of personal cleansing products. J. Cosmet. Sci. 21 383-397, 1999. 

As mentioned above, most commercial products are based on either a lauric (mainly C-12) or a whole coconut distribution (C-8 to C-18, with approximately 50% C-12) since these alkyl distributions give the best detergency. Early on, the imidazoline derived amphoterics were characterized as exceptionally mild to the skin and eyes relative to most surfactants available at the time. This made them excellent candidates for use in baby shampoos, geriatric cleansing products, hand wash for medical facilities and so on. 

The eucalyptus essential oils find widespread applications in pharmaceutical formulations like mouthwashes, inhalers, hygiene and cleansing products such as soaps and detergents, for room sprays and insect repellents, as a flavouring in foods, in perfumery and as a starting material for industrial compounds that are extracted, mainly by distillation. For aromatherapy, the oils can be used for skin care, the respiratory system, the immune system, the nervous system, the urino-genital system and the musculo-skel-etal system. 

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