Anti-microbial

Anti-microbial, preservative, also used as a chemical intermediate. 

SHIMAMURA T (1991) The anti-microbial activity of tea , in Proc of Intern Symp on Tea Sci, 26-29 August, 1991, Shizuoka, Japan, 27-31. 

Saponins and phenolics also have anti-microbial properties (Chung et ah, 1998) and have been associated with reduced rumen functions (Klita et al., 1996 Reed, 1995), thereby limiting the nutrient quality of forages. Also, carbohydrate complexes with hgnins and other compounds reduce carbohydrate utilization by rumen bacteria (Cornu et al., 1994). The influence of such anti-microbials on rumen functions can affect small intestine characteristics by altering nutrient concentrations (Barry and McNabb, 1999). 

Epidemiological studies and intervention trials with food and beverages rich in flavonoids are not conclusive although flavonoids were recognized to display numerous antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-microbial activities. The antioxidant capacity of flavonoids has been largely reported in numerous in vitro and ex vivo systems. Numerous reviews "" have been published on the antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Degenerative diseases are largely associated with oxidative mechanisms that may be counteracted by flavonoids. 

Hibbs, J.B. (1991). Synthesis of nitric oxide from L-atginine a recently discovered pathway induced by cytokines with antitumour and anti-microbial activity. Res. Immunol. 142, 565-569. 

This study has shown that typical coating biocides can be encapsulated within modified silica frameworks. These porous frameworks offer a means to inhibit the aqueous extraction of the biocide. In such combinations the biocides retain their anti-microbial properties, while controlled delivery facilitates a dynamic equilibrium to maintain a minimum inhibitory concentration at the coating interface, over an extended time period. There is evidence that biocide housed in such frameworks has a longer effective activity for a given initial concentration, since it is to some extent protected from the usual environmental degradation processes. 

Marketers are finding a positive role for anti-microbial compounds in areas which have not been seen before. Recent product introductions accompanied by major promotions by Savlon for First Aid-Hand Hygiene Liquid Gel with claims such as kills 99.99% of germs in 15 seconds . The main actives are ethanol, Triclosan and propylene glycol. Another major promotion from Dettol on Anti-septic properties is currently on our television screens, creating a positive image for use of these ingredients, which could only help this industry. 

Utilising the usual levels of anti-microbials for cleansing products with normal user instructions of three minutes or longer contact time can achieve positive claims of anti-bacterial for Myavert C based enzyme preservation system without the stinging associated with alcohol. Table 1 gives the plate kill speed data for a face masque where the preservative also becomes a positive attribute. 

The table 1 summarises the challenge test data using Myavert C 5 part enzyme based preservation in a face mask 1 including speed of kill test to justify positive marketing claims for the anti-microbial system used in the product. Table 2 uses conventional chemical anti-microbials for a foot product at much higher levels than would be allowed for face application yet the speed of kill of the enzyme system is superior yet much more mild. 

Effects of Sesquiterpene Lactones on Seed Germination. Sesquiterpene lactones are common constituents of the Asteraceae but are also found in other angiosperm families and in certain liverworts (31,32). These highly bitter substances exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities (J 3) which include cytotoxicity, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, insecticidal (34) and molluscicidal (35) properties. Furthermore, they are known causes for livestock poisoning and contact dermatitis in humans (33). Structure-activity relationship studies on sesquiterpene lactones have demonstrated that biological activity frequently depend on the presence of the cr... 

Bickel, H., Mertens, P., Prelog, V., Seibl. J., Walser, A. In Anti-microbial Agents and Chemotherapy, p. 1951 edited by Hobby, G. L. Ann Arbor, Mich. American Society for Microbiology 1965. 

Biocides (also called fungicides, bactericides, slimicides, anti-microbials, etc.)... 

Alarcon, J.B., Waine, G.W. and McManus, D.P. (1999) DNA vaccines technology and application as anti-parasite and anti-microbial agents. Advances in Parasitology 42, 344-410. 

The biosphere includes ecological niches where microbes peacefully co-exist with their eukaryotic host in the human this includes the concept of the micro-biome [14], which is defined as the totality of microbial organisms that co-habit with human beings. On the other hand, microbial colonization of human mucosal surfaces or prosthetic devices, often results in the development of biofilms, with significant deleterious effects on human health [15]. These are some of the challenges in infectious diseases that reflect the need to maximally utilize genomic sequence information and related sciences to better control microbial disease in human populations, and to develop anti-microbial agents with a better therapeutic index. 

The specific function of many phytochemicals is still unclear however, a considerable number of studies have shown that they are involved in the interaction of plants/pests/diseases. Most plants produce phytochemicals as anti-microbial, antibiotic, insecticidal and hormonal agents either as part of... 

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