Baby shampoo

Baby Shampoos. These shampoos, specifically marketed for small children, feature a non-eye stinging quaHty. The majority of the products in this category are based on an amphoteric detergent system a system combining the use of an imidazoline amphoteric with an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant has been successfiiUy marketed (15,16). The sulfosuccinates also have been suggested for baby shampoo preparation because of thek mildness... 

As was described earlier, the organic part of sulfosuccinates can vary widely. Therefore it was to be expected that materials will find their own applications based on the organic part of the molecule. Generally, sulfosuccinates based on lauryl alcohol ethers are applied for all types of mild shampoos and specific sulfosuccinates for extremely mild baby shampoos. 

Extremely mild products, baby shampoos DRMS... 

Alkyl polyglucoside carboxylate (INCI-name Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate (and) Lauryl Glucoside, Plantapon LGC SORB) is a new anionic surfactant with excellent performance for personal care cleansing applications. In shampoo and shower bath formulations the anionic surfactant shows a good foaming behavior. In body wash applications it improves sensorial effects. These properties make Plantapon LGC SORB suitable for several cosmetic applications, e.g., mild facial wash gel, mild baby shampoo, mild body wash for sensitive skin, wet wipes, and special sulfate-free shampoo applications. 

Although these surfactants represent less than 1% of the U.S. production of surfactants, the market use is increasing dramatically because of their unique properties [353]. Of particular importance is the synergistic effect that amphoteric surfactants have when used in conjunction with other types of surfactants. The non-eye-stinging characteristic of these compounds has been responsible for the upsurge in the baby shampoo market over time [354,355]. 

Additionally, in the case of shampoos, other criterion has to be strictly controlled. Shampoos are used to wash hair and are designed to remove dirt without damaging the hair. They should also have no skin or eye irritation effect. Baby shampoos are particularly manufactured using surfactants that exhibit minimum eye irritation. 

As mentioned above, most commercial products are based on either a lauric (mainly C-12) or a whole coconut distribution (C-8 to C-18, with approximately 50% C-12) since these alkyl distributions give the best detergency. Early on, the imidazoline derived amphoterics were characterized as exceptionally mild to the skin and eyes relative to most surfactants available at the time. This made them excellent candidates for use in baby shampoos, geriatric cleansing products, hand wash for medical facilities and so on. 

Johnson Johnson formulated them into its no more tears baby shampoo and became the first major user of these materials in a consumer product [3]. 

Over the years, optimized amphoacetates were developed that were intermediate between the 1 and 2-mol products. An effort was made to deliver more amphoteric surfactant and less by-products to the formulator. Most baby shampoos and body washes produced today are formulated with such optimized products, which are produced from an optimum ratio... 

Other European companies, such as ICI through Atlas and Tensia, Th. Goldschmidt, Rewo, and Servo, have particularly targeted the lucrative area of beauty care. In the United States, Miranol has been very successful with the amphoterics (imidazolines, betaines) for baby shampoos, an activity acquired by Rhone-Poulenc in 1989. 

Application of solutions or ointments directly to the lid margin is especially helpful in treating seborrheic or infectious blepharitis. After several drops of the antibiotic solution or detergent, such as baby shampoo, are placed on the end of a cotton-tipped appUcator, the solution is applied to the Ud margin with the eyeUds either opened or closed (Figure 3-11). Antibiotic ointments are applied in the same way. 

Although baby shampoo is frequently used for cleaning the eyeUd margin, commercially available eyelid cleansers are effective, with potentially less ocular stinging, burning, or toxicity. Commercial lid scrub products are designed to aid in removal of oils, debris, or desquamated skin from the inflamed eyelid. The lid scrubs can... 

Staphylococcal infections of the eyelid are commonly treated with erythromycin ointment applied to the Ud margins (see Table 11-1). Warm moist compresses should be applied to the lid, and then the lid margins should be gently cleaned with diluted baby shampoo or a commercial lid cleanser before applying the drug. Erythromycin ointment can be applied only at bedtime or more often as required by infection severity. For the prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum, a 0.5- to 1-cm ribbon of erythromycin ointment is instilled into each conjunctival sac and not flushed from the eyes after application. 

Lid hygiene consists of hot compresses, lasting 5 to 10 minutes and performed two to four times daily, followed by lid scrubs using a mild detergent cleanser such as baby shampoo and a washcloth or prepackaged commercially available lid scrubs (Box 23-2). Dilution of the shampoo is not necessary imless the patient has an unfavorable reaction to full strength. The hot compresses serve to loosen lid debris and dilate blood vessels to allow increased blood flow to the area. The scrubs not only facilitate removal of debris but also serve to lyse bacterial membranes and to reduce the bacterial load. Antibiotic ointment should then be applied directly to the lid margin two to foiu- times daily. Antibiotic drops are used when a secondary conjunctivitis is also present. 

Using a no-tears baby shampoo (dilute the solution if irritation occurs) form lather on the washcloth. 

Other coco-based surfactants are sulfosuccinates formed by the reaction of coco fatty alcohol with maleic anhydride and further reaction with sodium sulfite or bisulfite. This product possesses good foaming properties, is compatible with soap, and is a good lime dispersant. It is used in toilet soap formulation, shampoos, hand cleaning pastes, and for scouring raw wool. Its ether variant, with 2-4 moles ethylene oxide, forms intense, finely structured foam and is used in combination with ether sulfate in baby shampoos and bath preparations. 

Use Mild surfactants for baby shampoos, excellent for foam boosting, stabihzation, and thickening. 

Forsby A, Norman KG, El Andaloussi-Lilja J, Lundqvist J, Walczak V, Curren R, Martin K, Tierney NK (2012) Using novel in vitro NociOcular assay based on TRPV1 channel activation for prediction of eye sting potential of baby shampoos. Toxicol Sci 129 325-331... 

The surfactants in shampoos can be classified according to whether or not they carry a charge. With the exception of baby shampoos, most primary surfactants are anionic other surfactants are generally used in a secondary capacity. 

Secondary surfactants, which include nonionics, amphoterics, and some of the less widely used anionics, are often employed in a formulation to improve foam quality and stability, to provide additional detergency, and to enhance viscosity. Some of them are also used to reduce eye irritation in mild or baby shampoos. 

An example of a nonionic for baby shampoos is Polysorbate 20, which is the monoester of lauric acid and anhydrosorbitol condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide. Another example is PEG-80 sorbitan laurate, an ethoxylated sorbitan monoester of lauric acid with an average of 80 moles of ethylene oxide. 

Preservatives can be classified into two types compounds that release formaldehyde and compounds that do not release formaldehyde. Formalin, an aqueous solution of formaldehyde, is a commonly used preservative in shampoos and conditioners [3], Although formaldehyde has been known as a sensitizer, it is not a problem if used at 0.1 % or lower. The use of formaldehyde in baby shampoos is not recommended. Other preservatives that fall in the formaldehyde-releasing group are diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, and DMDM (dimethyloldimethyl) hydantoin. 

The most important requirement for baby shampoos is minimal irritation to scalp, hair, skin, and, especially, eyes. These products are often formulated with levels of nonionic and amphoteric surfactants higher than those found in basic cleaning shampoos. 

As mentioned in Section II.A.l(a), the presence of ethylene oxide moieties in alkyl ether sulfates reduces surfactant irritation. Polysorbate 20 and PEG-80, which have 20 and 80 moles of ethylene oxides, respectively, are often incorporated into baby shampoos as anti-irritants. Magnesium salts of these surfactants are also milder than the sodium salts. Table 10.8 shows an example of the formulation of a mild baby shampoo from U.S. Patent 3,928,251. More developments in mild and nonirritating shampoo formulas are listed in Table 10.9. 

U.S.6461598 (2002) O Lenick et al. (Biosil Res. Ins.) Salt complexes formed by a fatty ammonium compound and an anionic compound Extremely mild to the eyes outstanding conditioning effects suitable for baby shampoos and body washes... 

U.S. 5478490 (1995) Russo et al. (Lonza) Polyglyceryl esters Meet baby shampoo criteria without the need of using ethylene oxide derivatives viscosity and clarity can be adjusted by tailoring the polyglyceryl ester... 

Mildness is an important concern for any type of shampoo and is especially crucial for baby shampoos due to the fact that the product could easily come into contact with skin, scalp, eyes, lips, and nose during the shampooing and rinsing processes. Surfactants and sensitizing agents used in personal care products are the main contributors of irritation. 

Miracare . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Surfactant blends concentrates for baby shampoo, bubble bath, hand sos, cream rinse conditionas. 

Among the more commonly used preservatives that do not release formaldehyde are parabens—Dowicil 200 and Kathon CG. Kathon is effective at extremely low concentrations, about 15 ppm. A commonly used mixture of parabens consists of 0.1% methyl paraben and 0.7% propyl paraben. This mixture of parabens is moderately effective alone but is more effective in combination with other preservatives. The European Economic Community (EEC) prohibits the use of parabens above 0.8%. Parabens like most phenolic preservatives are deactivated by nonionic surfactants therefore, parabens should not be used in nonionic formulations like baby shampoos. 

General Formulations for Shampoos and Conditioners 201 Table 5. Example of a baby shampoo. 

Baby shampoos (Table 5-4) and some light conditioning shampoos employ nonionic surfactants such as PEG-80 sorbitan laurate (or as low as 20 EOs) and amphoteric surfactants such as cocoamphocarboxyglycinate or cocoamidopropylhydroxysultaine to improve the mildness of anionic surfactants and at the same time to improve cleaning and lather performance. 

The overall data of a blind product test are usually more consistent and more sensitive than the majority of the individual panelists see Table 5-13. This table summarizes data from a blind test in which a baby shampoo was compared with a high-foaming TEALS-based shampoo containing the baby shampoo fragrance and color. This test was actually two tests run back to... 

Table 5-13. Adnlt shampoo versns baby shampoo (bhnd, back-to-back tests).

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