Simian virus culture

Brash, D. E., R. R. Reddel, M. Quanrud, K. Yang, M. P. Farrell, and C. C. Harris. 1987. Strontium phosphate transfection of human cells in primary culture Stable expression of the simian virus 40 large-T-antigen gene in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 7(5) 2031-4. 

Primary cultured porcine or bovine brain capillary endothelial cells have been used as an in vitro model for the BBB. Recently, an immortalized cell line has been established from mouse, rat, and human brain capillary endothelial cells by infection with Simian virus 40 or transfection of SV40 large T antigen (45 -7). Tatsuta et al. established an immortalized mouse brain capillary endothelial cell line (MBEC4). The activity of y-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, specific marker enzymes for brain capillary endothelial cells, was half that in the brain capillary (45). Also, P-gp was expressed on the apical membrane of MBEC4 cells, which corresponds to the abluminal membrane of the brain... 

A more general example from virus vaccine production is the rigorous examination of tissue cultures to exclude contamination with infectious agents from the source animal or, in the cases of human diploid cells or cells from continuous cell lines, to detect cells with abnormal characteristics. Monkey kidney cell cultures are tested for simian herpes B virus, simian virus 40, mycoplasma and tubercle bacilli. Cultures of human diploid cells and continuous line cells are subjected to detailed kary-ological examination (examination of chromosomes by microscopy) to ensure that the cells have not undergone any changes likely to impair the quality of a vaccine or lead to undesirable side-effects. 

Organic and aqueous feverfew powdered leaf extracts were found to inhibit IL-1-induced prostaglandin E2 release from synovial cells, IL-2-induced thymidine uptake by lymphoblasts, and mitogen-induced uptake of thymidine by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (23). Parthenolide also inhibited thymidine uptake by PBMCs. Both parthenolide and the extracts were cytotoxic to the PBMCs and synovial cells thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of feverfew may be secondary to cytotoxicity. These results reflect those of previous researchers who found parthenolide and other sesquiterpene lactones to be cytotoxic to cultures of human fibroblasts, human laryngeal carcinoma cells, and human cells transformed with simian virus 40 (24). 

Moriarty, A. M., Hoyer, B. H., Shih, J. W.-K., Gerin, J. L., and Hamer, D. H. (1981) Expression of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene in cell culture by using a simian virus 40 vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2606-2610. 

When [ S]thiophosphate was added to a cell culture infected with simian virus SV40, and the viral DNA then extracted, the newly synthesized SV40... 

Shein H M, Enders J F (1962). Transformation induced by simian virus 40 in human renal cell cultures. I. Morphology and growth characteristics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 48 1164-1172. 

Chemically unidentified metabolites of viral infections have been detected (Mitruka et al., 1968) in chromatograms of extracts of tissue cultures of dog kidney that had been inoculated with viruses causing canine hepatitis, herpes, and distemper, and a parainfluenza virus similar to simian virus-5. 

Chumakova, M.Y., M.P. Chumakova, L.B. Elbert, G.L. Augustilovich, N.M. Ralf, M.K. Voroshilova, G.B. Taranova, and V.O. Tap-upere. 1963. Demonstration of antibody to simian virus (SV40) in human sera. Serological evidence of infection from monkeys and kidney cultures. Vopr. Virusol. 8 457-459. (In Russian.)... 

Evidence suggests that HIV in humans is the result of cross-species transmission from primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). HIV-2 is closely related to the SIV found in sooty mangabeys in West Africa, and HIV-1 is similar to the SIV found in chimpanzees. The earliest known human HIV infection was in central Africa in 1959. Cultural practices such as the preparation and eating of bush-meat, or keeping primates as pets, may have allowed the virus to transmit from animal to human. The rapid spread of the virus throughout the world can be primarily attributed to high mobility due to modern transportation, sexual promiscuity, and drug abuse. 

Castanospermine has been screened for efficacy against simian immunodeficiency virus (265), and has been shown to prevent syncytium formation in feline astrocyte cultures infected with the feline immimodeficiency virus by modifying the viral cell envelope (266). It suppressed syncytium formation and hemolytic activity in baby hamster kidney cells infected with Newcastle disease virus however, synthesis and cell surface expression of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein in the viral envelope were not affected, which strengthens the hypothesis that poor transport of the parent alkaloid across membrane barriers may limit its therapeutic use (267). Both 239 and its 6-0-butanoyl ester had comparable relative toxicities and antiviral effects on Rauscher murine leukemia virus (268), but the ester was more potent than the parent alkaloid in inhibiting replication of Moloney murine leukemia virus (258). The ester was also active against herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (269,270). In the latter case, conclusive evidence was provided for intracellular hydrolysis to 239. 

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