Virus Newcastle disease

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a prototype paramyxovirus and can cause high mortality in poultry. The F protein of NDV was expressed in transgenic rice, and immunogenicity was demonstrated in a mouse model (Yang et al., 2007). Recently, plant-made NDV has been licensed for use in animals, making it the first commercial plant-made vaccine available for veterinary use. 

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Thiopheneglyoxal has been found to be only moderately active against Newcastle disease virus and influenza virus in embryonated eggs. ... 

Nagai, Y., Yoshida, T., Hamaguchi, M., Linuma, M., Maeno, K., and Matsumoto, T. (1978) Cross-linking of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proteins. Arch. Virol. 58, 15-28. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Rabies, hepatoencephalopathy, leukoen-cephalomalacia, protozoal encephalomyelitis, equine herpes virus 1, verminous men-ingoencephalomyelitis, cranial trauma, botulism, and meningitis. In birds Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, botulism, and listeriosis. 

A remarkable diminution in the protein biosynthesis of viral proteins has been observed with Newcastle disease virus in the presence of the inhibitor, an effect so far not seen with other viruses.520,321 A regulatory link between glycosylation and synthesis of protein may therefore exist, as has been suggested4 8,469 with other systems. 

Another form of gene therapy to treat cancer involves oncolytic virotherapy. This involves the use of oncolytic vectors, which are virus-designed to home and kill the tumor cells without harming the normal cells in the body. The cancer cells are killed by cell lysis as a result of the production of cytotoxic proteins or due to the propagation of the virus itself. The viruses that have been used to produce oncolytic vectors include adenovirus, vaccinia, reovirus, HSV-1 and Newcastle disease virus. 

Nanodes (nanoelectrodes) 771 Nanoparticles 802, 809, 817, 943 Nanotubes 802 Native peroxidase 373 Natural water samples el4 Negative feedback 912 Neisseria meningitidis 102 Neomycin 817 Nernst equation 26, 359 Nernstian function 12 Neuronal cell 105 Neurotoxins 311 Neutravidin 808, 817 Newcastle disease virus 107 Nikolskii-Eisenman 31 expression 727 Nitrate reductase 917 sensor 79 Nitric oxide 428... 

The oncolytic viruses include adenovirus, measles, reovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV),HSV,poxvirus, and vaccinia. Specific examples include (1) ONYX-015, which is an adenoviral oncolytic virus, administered to patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer [29], (2) Reolysin, which is an oncolytic reovirus administered to patients with glioma [30], and (3) MV-CEA, which is an oncolytic measles virus expressing carcinoembryonic antigen, administered to patients with ovarian cancer [31]. Some oncolytic viruses are wild type and are apparently not pathogenic in humans, such as the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which is an RNA avian paramyxovirus. PV701, a naturally attenuated, replication-competent strain of NDV, has been administered to patients with advanced solid tumors [32], The applicability of oncolytic viruses as a therapy for clinical oncology trials is due to their potential selectivity the ability to kill tumor cells but not normal cells. However, the level of attenuation of viral replication in normal cells is limited for most oncolytic vectors. 

Inhalation 50 48 h Exposure increased infection rate with Newcastle disease virus. LOAEL 50 Anderson et al. 1964... 

Anderson, D.P., C.W.Beard, and R.P.Hanson. 1964. The adverse effects of ammonia on chickens including resistence to infection with Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis. 8 369—379. Appelman, L.M., W.F.ten Berge, and P.GJ.Reuzel. 1982. Acute inhalation toxicity study of ammonia in rats with variable exposure periods. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 43(9) 662-665. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substancs and Disease Registry). 1990. Toxicological Profile for Ammonia. Prepared by Syracuse Research Corporation, for U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. December. 

Fig. 12. Primary and tertiary structures of the Newcastle disease virus F protein. Cleavage of the precursor F protein yields the F2 (amino-terminal) and FI (carboxy-terminal) fragments. In the top schematic, F2 is white, the fusion-peptide and transmembrane segments of FI are black, and the remainder of FI is cross-hatched. In the X-ray crystallographic structure of NDV-F (Chen et at, 2001a), electron density for the fusion peptides was not visible, but the fusion peptide is at the amino terminus of FI and would therefore be expected to extend from the bottom of the...

NDV. See Newcastle disease virus (NDV) NDV-F. See Newcastle disease virus F protein (NDV-F)... 

Paramecium bursaria Chlorella vims 1 (PBCV-1), 384, 390 Paramyxoviridae, 379 Paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as, 351... 

Liebtich, W., Schlag, R, Manasterski, M., Lehner, B., Stohr, M., Moller, R. and Schirrmacher, V. (1991). In vitro and clinical characterisation of a Newcastle disease virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine for treatment of colorectal cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer 27, 703-710. 

In addition, RNA synthesis is initiated at the 3 end of the genome RNA with the synthesis of a small 48 nucleotide "leader RNA." Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the leader RNA demonstrated that unlike any VSV mRNAs it contains 50% AMP and a ppA at its 5 end. ° Two serotypes of VSV and the paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease virus, synthesize leader RNAs of identical size and similar base composition. The VSV leader RNAs share 80% base sequence homology which indicates nearly identical binding and initiation sites for the virion polymerases. The question remains whether the five mRNA species arise by a processing mechanism after synthesis of the leader RNA or a stop-start mechanism in which the RNA polymerase reinitiates at each junction between mRNAs. Similar sequential synthesis of mRNA has also been observed with the paramyxovirus, Sendai virus. 

Ajisaka et al. examined different sialidase somces and found that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) sialidase afforded predominantly the a-2,3 regioisomers, while Arthrobacter ureafaciens and Clostridium perfringens sialidases, in addition to the Vibrio cholerae sialidase examined by Thiem, favored the a-2,6-linked products [53]. Unfortunately, the reaction yields did not improve for the new enzymes, varying from 0.8% to 3.6% isolated yield. In the case of NDV sialidase, the high selectivity for a-2,3-sialosides stemmed from a large a-2,6/a-2,3 hydrolysis ratio. Hydrolysis of the a-2,6 products was found to be 28 times faster than the a-2,3 isomers. Inter-... 

Castanospermine has been screened for efficacy against simian immunodeficiency virus (265), and has been shown to prevent syncytium formation in feline astrocyte cultures infected with the feline immimodeficiency virus by modifying the viral cell envelope (266). It suppressed syncytium formation and hemolytic activity in baby hamster kidney cells infected with Newcastle disease virus however, synthesis and cell surface expression of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein in the viral envelope were not affected, which strengthens the hypothesis that poor transport of the parent alkaloid across membrane barriers may limit its therapeutic use (267). Both 239 and its 6-0-butanoyl ester had comparable relative toxicities and antiviral effects on Rauscher murine leukemia virus (268), but the ester was more potent than the parent alkaloid in inhibiting replication of Moloney murine leukemia virus (258). The ester was also active against herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (269,270). In the latter case, conclusive evidence was provided for intracellular hydrolysis to 239. 

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