Cross-species

Evidence suggests that HIV in humans is the result of cross-species transmission from primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). HIV-2 is closely related to the SIV found in sooty mangabeys in West Africa, and HIV-1 is similar to the SIV found in chimpanzees. The earliest known human HIV infection was in central Africa in 1959. Cultural practices such as the preparation and eating of bush-meat, or keeping primates as pets, may have allowed the virus to transmit from animal to human. The rapid spread of the virus throughout the world can be primarily attributed to high mobility due to modern transportation, sexual promiscuity, and drug abuse. 

Alex Rosenberg. Why can t you even give a reductionist explanation of the functional character of haemoglobin by appeal to considerations about lay-haemoglobin ( ) and cross-species transfer, and the role of the globin centre of nitrous oxygen fixation in. .. 

A common cross-species Cb,u CP/11 is not universal as occasionally compounds are found to have different degrees of cross-species CNS penetration due to reasons ranging from species differences in P-gp transport to variable intrabrain distribution [46]. However, for compounds in which brain penetration is predominately mediated by passive diffusion, such species differences are more often the exception than the rule. Finally, this methodology implies that a compound s /u b is identical... 

In vivo Cb,u versus in vivo cross-species receptor occupancy... 

Defining cross-species exposure-response continuums... 

Accepting both Cb/U as a valid Cisf surrogate and the ability to project Cb/U accurately in large animal species, Cb/U values may be utilized to develop a mechanism-based cross-species exposure-response continuum for CNS... 

Figure 5 The C y-normalized cross-species exposure-response continuum for 7 across multiple pharmacology models [42]. A listed value (Cx) is the C iU (nM) affecting a response in assay X. RAM(r), rat radial arm maze DSR(nhp), nonhuman primate delayed spatial response task e-phys(r), rat electrophysiology model NOR(r), rat novel object recognition cGMP(m,r), mouse/rat cerebellar cGMP trem(nhp), nonhuman primate tremor rot(m), mouse rotarod.

Barker, E. L. and Blakely, R. D. (1998) Structural determinants of neurotransmitter transport using cross-species chimeras studies on serotonin transporter. Methods Enzymol 296, 475 198. 

There have been a number of recent preclinical studies that highlight the importance of plasma protein binding when making cross-species comparisons, interpreting drug concentrations in various compartments, and determining effective drug concentrations at the site of action. 

Porter, R.H. and Doane, H.M. (1977) Dietary-dependent cross-species similarities in maternal chemical cues. Physiol. Behav. 19, 129-131. 

Beauchamp, G. K. and Hess, E. H. (1971) The effects of cross-species rearing on the social and sexual preferences of guinea pigs. Z. Tierpsychol. 28, 69-76. 

McCarty, R. and Southwick, C. H. (1977) Cross-species fostering effects on the olfactory preference of Onychomys torridus and Peromyscus leucopus. Behav. Biol. 19, 255-260. 

Ellis, L. (1995) Dominance and reproductive success among nonhuman animals a cross-species comparison. Ethol. Sociobiol. 16, 257-333. 

Viral protein fragments Cross species protein fragments MHC fragments... 

The criterion that many theorists seem loath to accept is that of a distinct affect (e.g., Lewis Michalson, 1983, pp. 30f). Yet this may be the most characteristic facet of emotion. When we experience an affect but do not exhibit any emotional expression, visceral changes or overt action, are we not still experiencing an emotion Furthermore, affects can be rated reliably in other primates, thus permitting cross-species comparison (Goodall, 1987). Admit-... 

Cross-species comparisons can be made for crude estimates and, generally, for drugs that have clearance of less than 4 mL/min/kg would be evaluated only if there are special reasons that the mechanisms of actions need to be evaluated. 

Becher, M., Tatke, I. N., and Kramer, U., 2004, Cross-species microarray transcript profiling reveals high constitutive expression of metal homeostasis genes in shoots of the zinc hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. Plant J. 37 251 -268. 

SandeUn, A., Wasserman, W. W., and Lenhard, B. (2004) ConSite Web-based prediction of regulatory elements using cross-species comparison. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, W249-W252. 

Data from epidemiological studies, of sufficient quality, are generally preferred for estimating risks. When the evaluation is based on animal studies, the estimation of a human-equivalent dose should utilize toxicokinetic data for cross-species dose scaling if adequate data are available. Otherwise, a default procedure should be applied. The aim of the cross-species dose scaling is to define exposure levels for humans and animals that are expected to produce the same degree of effect, taking into account differences in scale between test animals and humans, such as size and life span. 

Cross species functionality siRNA target conserved sequence Compare mRNA sequences of, e.g., mouse and hiunan and target 100% conserved motifs... 

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