Sheep red blood cells

Miller Scott (1985) reported marked reduction in thymus weight in rats fed dioctyltin dichloride for 8 or 12 weeks at a level of 75 mg/kg diet. Numbers of lymphocytes together with T cell subpopulations were reduced in treated rats, but no difference was seen in antibody response to sheep red blood cells in vivo. No evidence was foimd of in vitro cytocidal effects of dioctyltin dichloride on blood lymphocytes. Evans et al. (1986) dosed pregnant and non-pregnant rats for 3 weeks at 75 mg/kg diet and reported severe thymic atrophy and extensive vacuolation of reticuloendothelial cells in pregnant animals only. 

Duggan WJ, Casale GP, Cohen SD. 1984. Paraoxon (PX) induced suppression of the in vitro response of murine spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRC) [Abstract]. Toxicologist 4 159. 

Astaxanthin has been shown to enhance in vitro antibody production by mouse spleen cells stimulated with sheep red blood cells and in human blood cells in vitro. Furthermore, it has not exhibited any mutagenicity in an in vitro study at doses up to 14.4 mg/day for 2 weeks. 

SOZ Serum-opsonized zymosan SP Sulphapyridine SR Systemic reaction sr Sarcoplasmic reticulum SRBC Sheep red blood cells SRS Slow-reacting substance SRS-A Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis STZ Streptozotocin Sub P Substance P... 

Brandon, D.L. (1980) Studies of sheep red blood cell membranes, using cleavable crosslinking reagents. Cell. Mol. Biol. 26, 569-573. 

P. D Orazlo and G.A. Rechnitz, Ion electrode measurements of complement and antibody levels using marker-loaded sheep red blood cell ghosts. Anal. Chem. 49, 2083-2086 (1977). 

Some deaths. Residues (mg/kg fresh weight) >3 in brain, >10 in clotted heart blood, >6 in kidney, and up to 20 in liver Blood lead concentrations, in mg/L, increased from <0.1 at start to 0.1 after 24 h, 3.2 at 7 days, to 6.8 at 14 days. There were some deaths at day 21 and survivors had 0.6 mg Pb/kg blood FW. All dosed birds had immunosuppressive effects, as seen by lowered hemagglutination titers to sheep red blood cells... 

In rodents, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are routinely used for immunization. The antibody response is determined using the plaque forming cells assay (PFC) or by plasma SRBC-specific antibody titer [21, 22], As an alternative to SRBC, other T-cell-dependent antigen may be used, including keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), tetanus toxoid (TT), or pneumococcal antigen. 

Kerkvliet, N. and Oughton, J., Acute inflammatory response to sheep red blood cell challenge in mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin Phenotypic and functional analysis of peritoneal exudate cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 119, 248, 1993. 

Immunosuppressive effects have been obtained in vitro with mercuric chloride. A marked inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction in mice as well as PFC (plaque forming cell) response to SRBC (sheep red blood cells) by mercuric chloride [166] has been reported. Chronic exposure to mercury of rabbits gave immunosuppression, measured as low antibody titres to viral agents [167], A suppression of antibody production in chickens exposed to mercuric chloride has also been reported [168]. Furthermore, an inhibition of mitogenic response to PHA in lymphocytes by mercuric chloride has been obtained [169],... 

Humoral-mediated immunity LPS (lipopolysaccharide) mitogen response or F(ab)2 mitogenic response enumeration of plaques by IgM antibody-forming cells to a T-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells serum IgM concentration... 

Humoral-mediated immunity Enumeration of secondary antibody (IgG) response to sheep red blood cells... 

Protein-deficient mice, although responding normally to phytohemagglutinin, were still able to reject skin autografts more rapidly than normally nourished controls which showed striking depression of antibody synthesis to sheep red blood cells (J7). Similarly malnourished rats which had marked suppression of plaque-forming cells and rosetteforming cells showed no difference in skin transplant rejection from their well fed controls (M18). 

In the additional functional (TIER-2) studies the immune system is more thoroughly investigated, while the animals are exposed to one or more doses of xenobiotics. Immune responses to several different types of antigens may be determined, including Tcell-dependent antigens like tetanus toxoid and ovalbumin, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) [38—41] and T cell-independent antigens like EPS [38,... 

Van Loveren, H., Verlaan, A.P. and Vos, J.G. (1991) An enzyme linked immrmosorbent assay of anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies of the classes... 

Exposure of rats to carbon tetrachloride (up to 160 mg/kg/day for 10 days) by gavage did not alter the primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells, lymphoproliferative responses to mitogen or mixed leukocytes, natural killer cell activity, or cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses also, spleen and thymus weights were comparable to controls (Smialowicz et al. 1991). In rats exposed twice weekly for 4-12 weeks to 3,688 mg/kg/day, there was histologic evidence of hemorrhage, hemosiderin deposition, and lymphocyte depletion in the pancreaticoduodenal lymph node (Doi et al. 1991), an effect which may be secondary to induced hepatic damage. 

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