Electrodes for measurement

The Ag/AgCl, Cl" electrode is probably the best reference electrode for measuring potentials of waters at elevated temperatures. 

Mortari, A., Maaroof A., Martin, D. and Cortie, M.B. (2007) Mesoporous gold electrodes for measurement of electrolytic double layer capacitance. Sensors and Actuators B, 123, 262-268. 

E. Bakker and M.E. Meyerhoff, Ion-selective electrodes for measurements in biological fluids, in AJ. Bard, M. Stratmann,. and J.S. Wilson, eds, Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry, Wiley (2002). 

S.A.M. Marzouk, S. Ufer, R.P. Buck, T.A. Johnson, L.A. Dunlap, and W.E. Cascio, Electrodeposited iridium oxide pH electrode for measurement of extracellular myocardial acidosis during acute... 

R.D. Jones, M.R. Neuman, G. Sanders, and F.T. Cross, Miniature antimony pH electrodes for measuring gastro esophageal reflux. Ann. Thoracic Surg. 33, 191 195 (1982). 

Single-ion electrodes for measurement of concentration of individual species. 

Adjustable Conductivity Electrodes for Measurements in Vacuum and Controlled Atmospheres, P.H. Plesch, Chemistry and Industry, 1973, 699-700. 

Figure 3.10 Schematic diagram of a solid-state ion-selective electrode for measuring the concentrations of aqueous fluoride ions - the so called fluoride electrode . The silver wire acts as one of the electrodes, so an additional electrode is required to complete the cell.

Stanley J H, Johnson J D (1979) Amperiometric Membrane Electrode for Measurement of Ozone in Water, Analytical Chemistry 51 2144-2147. 

Electrodes of this type are sometimes called electrodes of the second class and are applied in electrochemistry as the reference electrodes for measuring unknown potentials. They are formed by a metal in contact with its insoluble salt, which is immersed into a solution of a soluble electrolyte with the... 

In general, the reference electrode should be (1) a reversible electrode that obeys the Nemst equation, (2) stable, and (3) able to respond quickly to changes in environmental conditions [63], The most commonly used reference electrodes for measuring the AC impedance spectra for fuel cells are the DHE (dynamic hydrogen electrode) and the RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) [64, 65],... 

Glass electrode an electrode for measuring pH from the potential difference that develops when it is dipped into an aqueous solution containing H+ ions. (11.4)... 

Electrodes similar to that just described, but involving bromide or iodide instead of chloride, have been employed as subsidiary reference electrodes for measurements in bromide and iodide solutions, respectively. They are prepared and their standard potentials (see Table XLIX) are determined by methods precisely analogous to those employed for the silver-silver chloride electrode. ... 

Sulfate Reference Electrodes.—For measurements in sulfate solutions, the electrodes... 

An electrode for measuring urea has been described (Gll), consisting of a thin film of urease, immobilized in acrylamide gel, on the surface of a glass electrode responsive to NH. Conditions are carefully selected to ensure stability of the enzyme, and the potential developed is proportional to the logarithm of the urea concentration. Blood glucose and lactate have been determined with a membrane electrode in which the enzyme (glucose oxidase or lactate dehydrogenase) is trapped in a porous or jellied layer at the membrane surface (W20). 

Figure 4. Opposed ion-selective electrodes for measurement of small amounts of chloride.

Fig. 3-3. Non-polarising CU-CUSO4 electrodes for measurement of spontaneous potentials in surface materials. If the ground at A is more reducing than the ground at B , a potential difference exists between the two electrodes and current in the wire is possible.

Eisenman G, Rudin DO, Casby JU. Glass electrode for measuring sodium ion. Science 1957 126 831-4. 

H2. Hinke, J. A. M., Glass micro-electrodes for measuring intracellular activities of sodium and potassium. Nature (London) 184, 1257-1258 (1959). 

Fig, 80. FIA manifold comprising a glucoamylase (GA) reactor and a GOD flow-through electrode for measurement of maltose and starch. (Redrawn from Scheller et al., 1987c). 

Figure 19.2 Glass electrode for measuring pH. The concentration of H+ ions is accessible through the potential difference which appears between the glass electrode and the external reference electrode (here an Ag/AgCl electrode). Above, a cross-section of the membrane permeable to H+ ions. When an H+ ion forms a sUanol bond, a sodium ion moves into solution to preserve electroneutrality of the membrane. Two processes occur ion-exchange and diffusion. Below left, a cross-section of a combined electrode in a concentric arrangement, where the reference electrode surrounds the glass electrode. The junction permits the migration of ions since the liquids from each side should not mix. Prior to its use, the pH-meter is calibrated with a buffer solution of known pH.

About 20 ISEs are used and classified according to the nature of the membrane. They serve either in direct ionometry, or as indicator electrodes for measurements involving both titrimetry and complexometry performed with the aid of automatic titrators. 

Synthesis of a Virus Electrode for Measurement of Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen... 

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