Blood lymphocytes

Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) is an immunomodulatory protein (29,30) isolated from the mycelial extract of Ganoderma lucidium, that has been purified and shown to stimulate mouse spleen and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. LZ-8 is able to inhibit antibody production and prevent the development of autoimmune type I diabetes in NOD mice. 

One of the questions confronting investigators in the HS field is whether fever or other acute phase reactants can induce HS gene expression. In vitro studies utilize extraordinary temperatures of 42 °C and higher. Core body temperatures may approach 40 °C as a result of fever. In most in vitro systems, this temperature does not lead to the HS response. However, there are reports that fever induces the increased synthesis of hsps in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Ciavarra, 1990). This response was observed in mononuclear cells exposed to febrile temperatures and in cells isolated from a medical intern who developed fever. 

Enhancement of the human HS response may eventually be a clinical goal in dealing with the aging population which may be more susceptible to environmental stress. Several investigators have now shown an age-dependent defect in the regulation of the HS response at the transcriptional level (Fargnoli et al., 1990). This defect has been observed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in... 

Fischer, H.P., Sharrock, C.E.. Panayi, G.S. (1992). High frequency of cord blood lymphocytes against mycobacterial 65 kD heat shock protein. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 1667-1669. 

Miller Scott (1985) reported marked reduction in thymus weight in rats fed dioctyltin dichloride for 8 or 12 weeks at a level of 75 mg/kg diet. Numbers of lymphocytes together with T cell subpopulations were reduced in treated rats, but no difference was seen in antibody response to sheep red blood cells in vivo. No evidence was foimd of in vitro cytocidal effects of dioctyltin dichloride on blood lymphocytes. Evans et al. (1986) dosed pregnant and non-pregnant rats for 3 weeks at 75 mg/kg diet and reported severe thymic atrophy and extensive vacuolation of reticuloendothelial cells in pregnant animals only. 

De Ferrari M, Artuso M, Bonassi S, et al. 1991. Cytogenic biomonitoring of an Italian population exposed to pesticides Chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange analysis in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 260 105-113. 

Morgan RA, Baler-BitterUch G, Ragheb JA, Wong-Staal E, GaUo RC, Anderson WE (1994) Further evaluation of soluble CD4 as an anti-HIV type 1 gene therapy demonstration of protection of primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes from infection by HIV type 1, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10 1507-1515... 

Podsakoff GM, Engel BC, Carbonaro DA, Choi C, Smogorzewska EM, Bauer G, Selander D, Csik S, Wilson K, Betts MR, Koup RA, Nabel GJ, Bishop K, King S, Schmidt M, von KaUe C, Church JA, Kohn DB (2005) Selective survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with HIV-1 following delivery of an anti-HIV gene to bone marrow CD34(+) cells. Mol Ther... 

Falck GCM, Hirvonen A, Scarpato R, et al. 1999. Micronuclei in blood lymphocytes and genetic polymorphism for GSTMl, GSTTl and NAT2 in pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers. Mutat Res 441 225-237. 

L Vova TS. 1984. [Study of the mutagenic effect of 5 promising pesticides in mouse bone marrow cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and in the yeast Saccharomyces-cerevisiae.] Tsitol Genet 18 455-457. (Russian)... 

Phoca vitulina), pups were dosed PCBs and effects measured on mitogen-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (Levin et al. 2004). A positive correlation was found between PCB concentrations in blubber and both T-cell mitogen- and B-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. 

Byrn RA, Kiesshng AA (1998) Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus in semen indications of a genetically distinct virus reservoir. J Reprod Immunol 41(1-2) 161-176 Carr JM, Hocking H, Li P, Burrell CJ (1999) Rapid and efficient celL-to-ceU transmission of human immunodeficiency vims infection from monocyte-derived macrophages to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Virology 265(2) 319-329... 

CaUebaut C, Jacotot E, Blanco J et al (1998) Increased rate of HIV-1 entry and its cytopathic effect in CD4+/CXCR4+ T cells expressing relatively high levels of CD26. Exp Cell Res 241 352-362 Campbell JJ, Qin S, Unutmaz D et al (2001) Unique subpopulations of CD56+ NK and NK-T peripheral blood lymphocytes identified by chemokine receptor expression repertoire. J Immunol 166 6477-6482... 

Beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation Implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. International JImmunopharmacology, 18(12) 693-700. 

TAKENAKA s, ITOYAMA Y (1993) Rice bran hemicellulose increases the peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats. Life Sciences, 52(1) 9-12. 

PAS Periodic acid-SchiflF reagent PBA Polyclonal B cell activators PBC Primary biliary cirrhosis PBL Peripheral blood lymphocytes PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBN N- e f-butyl-a-phenylnitrone PBS Phosphate-buffered saline PC Phosphatidylcholine... 

From pilot studies carried out in the clinic with the NNRTIs TIBO R82913 [75] and pyridinone L-697,661 [76], it appears that the compounds are well tolerated and do not cause toxic side effects. Most of the HIV-1 isolates obtained from the patients treated with TIBO R82913 appeared to be as sensitive to the compound as wild-type virus only two HIV-1 variants were isolated, showing a sensitivity that was reduced 20-fold or more than 100-fold, the latter being caused by a mutation (Tyr —> Leu) at position 188 of the RT [77]. In fact, the latter mutation was lost upon passaging the virus in vitro in cord blood lymphocytes. Following treatment of the patients with pyridinone L-697,661, drug-resistant HIV-1 variants appeared that contained mutations at the RT positions 103 (Lys —> Asn) and 181 (Tyr —> Cys) [76]. 

Another peculiarity of the study is that the use of a biological system has allowed the authors to hypothesize a possible mechanism of action of the leachate as a mixture, hypothesis that could have been drafted on the basis of the only knowledge derived by chemical analysis. Researchers suggest that leachate inhibits cell proliferation at low doses probably inducing a reversible cell cycle arrest that becomes irreversible at high doses, probably due to leachate-induced oxidative stress. This activity is mainly due to the chemical compounds extracted in the aqueous phase. Similar effects were noticed by previous investigations on other human cells (human peripheral blood lymphocytes and a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7) [31, 32], supporting the hypothesis that cells that survive the initial insult from leachate constituents maintains the potential to proliferate until the effects on cell metabolism lead to death. 

Eva, C., Ferrero, P., Rocca, P., Funaro, A., Bergamasco, B., Ravizza, L. and Genazzani, E. (1989) [3H] A-methylscopolamine binding to muscarinic receptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes characterization, localization on T-lymphocyte subsets and age-dependent changes. Neuropharmacology 28, 719-726. 

Homung, F., Scala, G. and Lenardo, M.J. (2000) TNF-alpha-induced secretion of C-C chemokines modulates C-C chemokine receptor 5 expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 164, 6180-6187. 

Beckmann, E. and Levitt, D. (1984) Phosphorylcholine on Streptococcus pneumoniae R36a is responsible for in vitro polyclonal antibody secretion by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 132, 2174-2176. 

A survey of investigations on chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of people exposed to elevated levels of radon in the atmosphere shows non linear dose relationship. At very low doses a sharp increase occured, followed by a plateau. A hypothesis involving DNA repair mechanism is given. 

One of the most sensitive biological effects of ionizing radiation is to increase the frequency of normally observed chromosome aberrations (but not to induce qualitatively special abnormalities). Peripheral blood lymphocytes are the most feasible cells for chromosome investigations, as blood samples are easy to obtain and the techniques to stimulate the lymphocytes to proliferate within a culture medium and to prepare suitable chromosome slides for microscopic analyzation have their routine protocoil (e. g. Yunis, 1965 Lloyd et al, 1982). 

Deng Zhi-cheng and Li Yuan-huy, The Main Cause of Chromosome Aberration Increase in Blood Lymphocytes of Uranium Miners, Private Communication from Department of Radiation Medicine, North China, Institute of Radiation Protection China (1983) ... 

Blood Lymphocytes Using Heavy Particles From B10(n,a)Li7 Reaction, Mutation Research 18 103-111 (1973). 

Loftenius, A., G. Sandborgh-Englund, and J. Ekstrand. 1998. Acute exposure to mercury from amalgam no short-time effect on the peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy individuals. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54A 547-560. 

Except for lymphopenia, which was observed at all dose levels, no other effects were measured in the 100 and 300 mg/kg groups. At 900 mg/kg, significant decreases occurred in body weight, food intake, blood lymphocytes, and thymus weight, and significant increases occurred in thyroid weight, mesenteric lymph nodes, and histopathology (Vos etal. 1983)... 

Based upon recent controlled studies, there is considerable evidence that opioids such as morphine induce substantial effects on immune status. For example, it has been shown that morphine administration is associated with alterations in a number of immune parameters, such as natural-killer cell activity [12,13], proliferation of lymphocytes, [13, 14] antibody production [15,16], and the production of interferon [17]. Studies in our laboratory have shown that acute morphine treatment in rats suppresses splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses to both T- and B-cell mitogens, splenic natural-killer cell activity, blood lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness to T-cell mitogens, and the in vitro production of the cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon-y [18-22], Furthermore, the immune alterations induced by morphine are dose-dependent and antagonized by the opioid-receptor antagonist, naltrexone (e.g., [22]). 

Kay, N., Allen, J., Morley, J.E., Endorphins stimulate normal human peripheral blood lymphocyte natural killer activity, Life Sci., 35, 53, 1984. 

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