In pregnant animals

Miller Scott (1985) reported marked reduction in thymus weight in rats fed dioctyltin dichloride for 8 or 12 weeks at a level of 75 mg/kg diet. Numbers of lymphocytes together with T cell subpopulations were reduced in treated rats, but no difference was seen in antibody response to sheep red blood cells in vivo. No evidence was foimd of in vitro cytocidal effects of dioctyltin dichloride on blood lymphocytes. Evans et al. (1986) dosed pregnant and non-pregnant rats for 3 weeks at 75 mg/kg diet and reported severe thymic atrophy and extensive vacuolation of reticuloendothelial cells in pregnant animals only. 

Rat DOTC 3 weeks at 75 mg/kg diet = 3.75 mg/kg body weight Severe thymic atrophy extensive vacuolation of the reticuloepithellal cells in pregnant animals only Effects reported at 3.75 Evans et al. (1986)... 

The traditional indicators of maternal toxicity in range-finding studies in pregnant animals (mortality, body weight, food consumption, and clinical signs) do not always... 

A dose-range finding study in pregnant animals is recommended to aid in dose selection for the main study. Typically, six mated animals per group are used for dose-range finding investigations. 

Toxicity The acute oral LD50 and dermal LD50 toxicity of toxaphene in rats are 40 and 600 mg/kg, respectively. Toxaphene is an active nerve poison and interferes with fluxes of cations across nerve cell membranes, which increases neuronal irritability and results in convulsions and seizures. Toxaphene also has been found to damage the lungs, liver, and kidney of animals and humans. Although the dermal adsorption efficiency of toxaphene is less than that of other organochlorines, its absorption is enhanced by fat and fat solvents. Toxaphene has been shown to cause cancer in pregnant animals and to induce birth defects.68... 

Bezimidazole animal health products are often related to crop protection chemicals. The first one, made from o-aminoanthranilic acid72, was thiabendazole (112), discovered by Merck in 1961. However, 112 undergoes rapid enzymatic hydroxylation. This is overcome when the thiazole ring is replaced by a 2-methylcarbamate substituent in parbendazole (113), patented in 1973. Concerns over tetrogenecity have led to restrictions in the use of 113 and its derivatives in pregnant animals. 

In the treatment of secondarily infected dermatoses, which are usually colonized with streptococci, staphylococci, or both, compound antiinflammatory and antibacterial preparations are indicated when the underlying disorder has been diagnosed. Corticosteroids do not appear to inhibit the activity of antibacterial agents in compound preparations for topical application. Examples of topical compound preparations include betamethasone valerate-fusidic acid gel (for dogs), betamethasone sodium phosphate-neomycin sulphate cream (for dogs and cats), prednisolone-neomycin sulphate-nitrofurazone ointment (for horses, dogs and cats). The use of compound preparations is contra-indicated in pregnant animals. 

Infections due to Sarcocystis is quite common in domestic animals [52]. The infection in pregnant animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs may often cause abortion. 

Cambendazole (5) The activity profile of cambendazole in animals is almost similar to that of thiabendazole except for the therapeutic dose. A dose of 20-25 mg/kg of the drug has been found to cause 50-90% eradication of roundworms from the gastrointestinal tract of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. However, cambendazole has been shown to be teratogenic, and is not recommended for use in pregnant animals [14,173]. 

E. Use in pregnancy. Unithiol did not exhibit teratogenicity or other developmental toxicity in animal studies. Although protection against the adverse reproductive effects of selected toxic metals has been demonstrated in pregnant animals, there is insufficient clinical experience regarding the use of unIthiol in human pregnancy. 

Studies have indicated that Madagascar periwinkle reduced the number of viable fetuses in pregnant animals (Gupta 2009 Gupta and Mathur 2009 Mathur et al. 19%). Based on this information, use in pregnancy is not recommended except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner. 

While animal studies indicated mixed effects of the compound lapachol see Editors Note) in pregnant animals, no information on the safety of pau d arco in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or traditional literature. Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established. 

In pregnant animals, two opposing effects influence food intake. The increased need for nutrients for foetal development causes intake to rise. In the later stages of pregnancy, the effective volume of the abdominal cavity is reduced as the foetus... 

In pregnant animals vitamin Bi deficiency may induce resorption of the fetus. There may be prolongation of pregnancy, and there may be difficulty in bearing the young. Miscarriages are frequent. These changes are similar to those caused by simple inanition. 

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