Red blood cells membrane

In vitro studies support the ability of endosulfan to adversely affect the red blood cell. Marked damage to human red blood cell membranes has been reported to occur in vitro at endosulfan concentrations as low as 1 ppb (in the medium) (Daniel et al. 1986). Fresh red blood cells were suspended in 1% normal... 

Daniel CS, Agarwal S, Agarwal SS. 1986. Human red blood cell membrane damage by endosulfan. Toxicol Lett 32 113-118. 

HEMPAS (MIM 224100) Abnormalities in certain enzymes (eg, mannosidase II and others) involved in the biosynthesis of N-glycans, particularly affecting the red blood cell membrane. 

The Major Integral Proteins of the Red Blood Cell Membrane Are the Anion Exchange Protein the Glycophorins... 

The new lipid occurred only in the plasma hpids of newborns and was not present in membrane hpids of red cell membranes or platelets. Total lipids were extracted from plasma and from red blood cell membranes and platelets. A total lipid profile was obtained by a three-directional PLC using silica gel plates and was developed consecutively in the following solvent mixtures (1) chloroform-methanol-concen-trated ammonium hydroxide (65 25 5, v/v), (2) chloroform-acetone-methanol-ace-tic acid-water (50 20 10 15 5, v/v), and (3) hexane-diethyl ether-acetic acid (80 20 1, v/v). Each spot was scraped off the plate a known amount of methyl heptadecanoate was added, followed by methylation and analysis by GC/MS. The accmate characterization of the new lipid was realized using NMR technique. 

It is important that injectable solutions that are to be given intravenously are isotonic, or nearly so. Because of osmotic pressure changes and the resultant exchange of ionic species across red blood cell membranes, nonisotonic solutions, particularly if given in quantities larger than 100 mL, can cause hemolysis or cre-nation of red blood cells (owing to hypotonic or hypertonic solutions, respectively). Dextrose, sodium chloride, or potassium chloride is commonly used to achieve isotonicity in a parenteral formula. 

Apostoli P, Romeo L, De Matteis MC. 1988. Effects of lead on red blood cell membrane proteins. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 6 71-75. 

Brandon, D.L. (1980) Studies of sheep red blood cell membranes, using cleavable crosslinking reagents. Cell. Mol. Biol. 26, 569-573. 

Steck TL (1974) The organization of proteins in the human red blood cell membrane. A review J Cell Biol 62 1-19... 

N. Shaklai, J. Yguerabide, and H. M. Ranney, Interaction ofhemoglobin with red blood cell membranes as shown by a fluorescent chromophore, Biochemistry 16, 5585-5592 (1977). 

In human blood, only 6-acetylmorphine was formed from heroin, with no 3-acetylmorphine or morphine being detected. Four kinetically distinct enzyme activities were seen, namely one in plasma, one in the cytosol of red blood cells, and two in red blood cell membranes [92], In human plasma at 37°, hydrolysis to 6-acetylmorphine occurs with a tm value of some minutes, the enzyme responsible being cholinesterase [90] [93]. These and other results tend to indicate that the formation of morphine from 6-acetylmorphine is due to tissue carboxylesterases, in particular cerebral enzymes [94],... 

Several ILC studies covering drug interaction with liposomes and, correspondingly, proteoliposomes, cytoskeleton-depleted red blood cell membrane vesicles, red blood cell membranes, or red cells and ghosts have been reported (7,8,21-28,40,76,91,92,94). The log Ks values for interaction of... 

Fig. 4 Elution profiles for (A) propranolol (a), promethazine (b), and chlorprom-azine (c) applied separately on a 5-mm ILC column containing cytoskeleton-depleted red blood cell membrane vesicles entrapped in dextran-grafted agarose gel beads (1.4 /amol phospholipid, 0.5 mL/min) and (B), from left to right, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, warfarin, and pindolol on a capillary continuous bed containing liposomes immobilized by use of C4 ligands (1.0 /xmol phospholipid, 10 /xl./min). The elution volumes in the absence of lipid are shown (a0, b0, and c0, and the arrow, respectively). (Part A is reprinted with permission, with slight modification, from Ref. 26. Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science. Part B is reprinted with permission from Ref. 23. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science.)...

Dorus E, Pandey GN, Shaughnessy R, et al. Lithium transport across red blood cell membrane a cell membrane abnormality in manic-depressive illness. Science 1979 205 932-934. 

The unsaturated phospholipid from soybean lecithin also shows a similar effect, while the unsaturated phospholipids from red blood cell membranes, although showing a slight effect of cholesterol interaction, still show a prominent polymethylene peak in the high resolution spectrum. 

GalNAcl—>3Gall—>4Gall—>4G1c Present in sphingolipid of red blood cell membranes... 

Analyzing erythrocyte membranes. The proteins of red blood cell membranes were among the first to be studied. Because membrane proteins are present in small amounts and tend to be hard to dissolve without denatur-ation, they have been difficult to study. 

In 1925, E. Gorter and F. Grendel (J. Exp. Med. 41, 439) reported measurements in which they extracted lipid from red blood cell membranes with acetone, spread the lipids as a monolayer, and measured the area of the compressed monolayer. They then estimated the surface area of an erythrocyte and calculated that the ratio of the lipids (as a monolayer) to the surface area of the red blood cell was 1.9-2.0. More modern experiments gave the following each erythrocyte membrane contains 4.5 x 10 16 mol of phospholipid and 3.1 x 10-16 mol of cholesterol. 

Agre, P. and Parker, J.C. 1989 Red Blood Cell Membranes (Marcel Dekker, New York). 

Hanspal, M., and Palek, J. (1992). Biogenesis of normal and abnormal red blood cell membrane skeleton. Semin. Hematol. 29, 305-319. 

Palek, J., and Jarolim, P. (1993). Clinical expression and laboratory detection of red blood cell membrane protein mutations. Semin. Hematol. 30, 249-283. 

Type II hypersensitivity results from the formation of antigen-antibody complexes between foreign antigen and IgM or IgG immunoglobulins. One example of this type of hypersensitivity is a blood transfusion reaction that can occur if blood is not cross-matched properly. Preformed antibodies bind to red blood cell membrane antigens that activate the complement cascade, generating a membrane attack complex that destroys the transfused red blood cells. In hemolytic disease of the newborn, anti-Rh IgG antibodies produced by an Rh-negative mother cross the placenta, bind to red... 

---