In vitro antibodies

Astaxanthin has been shown to enhance in vitro antibody production by mouse spleen cells stimulated with sheep red blood cells and in human blood cells in vitro. Furthermore, it has not exhibited any mutagenicity in an in vitro study at doses up to 14.4 mg/day for 2 weeks. 

A number of non-hybridoma techniques have been developed for in vitro antibody production a review of recombinant antibody production is covered in Chapter 6. 

In the face of so much evidence that the immune response in gonococcal infection is irrelevant, nonprotective, or even deleterious are observations that indicate that the host response does participate in the resolution of infection. In vitro, antibody- and complement-mediated lysis is an effective bactericidal mechanism (R4, S9). DGI, unlike local infections, does appear to protect against dissemination on subsequent exposure (R14), and patients with deficiencies of terminal complement components are particularly prone to disseminated infection (P8). By and large, characteristics of the bacteria, rather than host factors, appear to be more important in allowing gonococci to elude immune destruction and cause local, locally invasive, or dissemi-... 

Jackson JR, Sathe G, Rosenberg M, Sweet R, In vitro antibody maturation. Improvement of a high affinity, neutralizing antibody against IL-1 beta, J. Immunol., 154 3310-3319, 1995. 

A -THC, like morphine, has been shown to suppress in vitro antibody formation by mouse spleen cells (Kaminski et al., 1992 Kaminski et al., 1994). Interestingly, A -THC is reported to increase IgGl responses to Legionella pneumophila in drug-treated animals, presumably by polarizing the immune response towards a Th2 phenotype (see below under T cell responses) (Newton et al., 1994). 

In animals, production of a T-dependent antibody (such as SRBC [sheep red blood cells]) is considered to be the gold standard. However, there are currently no good systems for in vitro antibody production using human cells. 

Miller, N.W., R.C. Sizemore and L.W. Clem. Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity the cellular requirements for in vitro antibody responses of channel catfish leukocytes. J. Immunol. 134 2884-2888,1985. 

Federal Research In Progress, 1988). One is investigating the immunosuppressive activity of subchronic and chronic administration of NDMA, specifically the in vitro antibody response of NDMA treated spleen cell suspensions to a number of mutagens. This research is being performed by Holsapple at Virginia Commonwealth University. A second study, performed by Schook at the University of Illinois, is attempting to identify molecular mechanisms for the immunosuppressive effects of NDMA. 

White KJ. Holsapple MP. 1994. Direct suppression of in vitro antibody production by mouse spleen cells by the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene but not by the congener benzo[e]pyrene. Cancer Res 44 3388-3393. 

Takahashi K, Ohsawa M, Utsumib H (2002). A simple bioassay for evaluating immu-notoxic properties of chemicals by use of in vitro antibody production system. J. Health Sci. 48 161-167. 

Jyonouchi, El., Zhang, L., and Tomita, Y., Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids, 11 Astaxanthin enhances in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens without facilitating polyclonal B-cell activation, Nutr. Cancer, 19, 269,1993. 

Hirabayashi Y, Tamura SI, Shimada K et al. Involvement of antigen-presenting celb in the enhancement of the in vitro antibody responses by cholera toxin B subunit. Immunology 1992 75(3) 493-498. 

Jyonouchi H, Zhang L, Gross M, Tomita Y. Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens. Nutr. Cancer 21 (1), 47-58,1994. 

The development of culture systems for obtaining in vitro antibody response (Mishell and Dutton, 1967 Marbrook, 1967) made it possible to culture small numbers of spleen cells so that a limiting number of precursor cells would be present. 

Roseman, j. X-ray resistant cell required for the induction of in vitro antibody formation. Science 165, 1125-1127 (1969). 

MILLER NW, CLEM Lw (1984), Temperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity differential effects of temperature on catfish in vitro antibody responses to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens , / Immunol, 133,2356-9. 

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