Concrete floor

Uses. In architectural and industrial appHcations vibrational isolators are used to reduce transmission of vibration into building stmctures from rotating or reciprocating machinery, such as ventilating fans, pumps, chillers, industrial machinery, and the piping and ductwork coimected to this equipment (6). Vibration isolators also can be used to isolate vibration-sensitive equipment or noise-sensitive areas from sources of vibration. Examples are special pneumatic isolators to protect electron microscopes, and isolators used to support floating concrete floors in recording studios. 

Chlorinated rubberis often used in combination with medium od drying type alkyds. The alkyd gives better toughness, flexibdity, adhesion, and durabdity, and the chlorinated mbber contributes to faster drying and better resistance to water and chemicals. The principal appHcations are highway traffic paint, concrete floor, and swimming pool paints. 

The combination of conductive flooring 7/ia conductive footwear is the preferred method of grounding. Untreated concrete flooring with conductive footwear is usually adequate, but its conductivity should be measured (Fowler and Klein, Static Phenomena and Test Methods for Static Gontrolled Floors, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, pp. 27-38, 1992). Where this method is impractical, personnel grounding devices are available. 

Floor heating in industrial premises usually means hot-water pipes placed inside the concrete floor. (Electric coils or electric sheets are also used in non-industrial premises this is, however, not treated here.) Figure 8.60 shows a typical installation of heatpipes inside the floor. Note that the pipes are placed relatively deep down inside the concrete to help even out the surface temperature. 

Putting heating coils or heating pipes into a concrete floor makes a heat reservoir that helps even out temperature fluctuations. 

FIGURE 6.80 Arrangement and typical dimensions of hot-water pipes in a concrete floor. 

Do not store pipe directly on ground, rails, steel or concrete floors. A minimum of 18 in. clearance should be present between the ground and the first tier of pipe. 

If, at the specification stage, it is decided that the service conditions for the concrete floor do require special... 

In this chapter, the author has attempted to classify the various types of finishes available for concrete floors in terms of increasing applied costs. 

Both sodium silicate and silico fluoride solutions are applied to clean, dry, sound concrete floors as dilute aqueous solutions (10-15 per cent solids) in two to three applications, taking care to ensure that all material penetrates and is absorbed into the concrete surface. The silicate or silico fluoride reacts with the small amount of free lime in the cement to form glassy inert materials in the surface, and the successful application of both materials depends upon filling the micropores in the surface of good-quality concrete, leaving its surface appearance and non-skid characteristics virtually unchanged. 

The main difference between the two types are that the reaction products of the silico fluoride types are less soluble in water and are also harder, which may give better in-service performance but at a slightly higher material cost. However, with recent developments in floor-laying techniques, the concrete substrates for industrial floors are laid with much more dense low-porosity surfaces, so that neither silicate nor silico fluoride treatments are as effective as they used to be, when the concrete used had a slightly more open finish and hence was more receptive to these treatments. With modern concrete floors, it is imperative to wash any material not absorbed into the surface within a short period. Otherwise, unpleasant white alkaline deposits, which are difficult to remove, may occur. 

It is important to stress that neither sodium silicate nor silico fluoride will improve the performance of a poor, low-strength, dusty concrete floor and if the surface is too porous, there is no way that all the material applied can react with the relatively small quantity of free lime in the concrete surface. All that will happen is that the pores will be filled with non-reacted powder, producing a most unpleasant alkaline dust, which can be very irritating to the skin and eyes when the floor is put into service. 

Finally, it is important to note that sodium silicate or siT ico fluoride treatments properly applied to clean and sound concrete floors can improve their performance, wear resistance and resistance to mild aqueous chemicals and oils, at a relatively low cost. However, they are not the answer to... 

Liquid resin-based systems which, like the chemical surface hardeners, penetrate into the surface of a concrete topping or directly finished slab and protect the acid-susceptible cement matrix from attack and, at the same time, strengthen the surface of the concrete are now being increasingly used. These in-surface seals leave the slip resistance of the concrete floor virtually unchanged but the treated floors are easier to clean and are more durable. 

Resin solution penetrating sealers are now available which, for very large warehouse floors, are comparable in applied costs with the concrete surface hardeners and are now being increasingly specified. Experience indicates that certain acrylic resin solutions are proving more durable and offer better protection to chemical and oil spillage than concrete surface hardeners. Acrylic resin solution sealers can markedly improve the abrasion resistance of concrete floors and have rescued a number of poor-quality floors. 

Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), acrylic and other polymer dispersions have been widely used as anti-dust treatments for concrete floors for many years. In general, the polymer dispersions have been similar to those used in the manufacture of emulsion paints, and until recently have tended to be based on dispersions of relatively large polymer particles (particle size 0.15-0.25 x 10 m). Dispersions are now becoming available which offer superior performance as floor sealers. The chemical and water resistance of the various polymer dispersions which have been used in the past vary considerably from the PVA types, which are rapidly softened and eventually washed out by water, to acrylic and SBR types which exhibit excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals. Water-based sealers are gaining wider acceptance because of... 

Floor paints, in a wide range of colors and based on a number of different binder systems, are used extensively for concrete floors in light industrial applications. 

This chapter is based on Special finishes for concrete floors, presented by J. D. N. Shaw at the International Conference on Advances in Concrete Slab Technology, Dundee University, April 1979. (Proceedings published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980, pp. 505-515). 

Barnbrook, G., Durable non slip concrete floors for low maintenance, Building Trades Journal, 12 January (1979). 

Phillips, G., Caring for concrete floors protects profits. Building, Maintenance and Services, 37-38, April (1978). 

Chaplin, R. G., Abrasion resistant concrete floors, paper presented at the International Conference on Concrete Slabs, University of Dundee, April (1979). 

Except for the sewer, all utilities could be easily piped into the area. A water heater would have to be istalled, however, since the nearest one in the building was some distance away and already used to capacity. The concrete floor would have to be broken up to accommodate the sewer. A sewage mixing tank would be installed beneath the floor with access for sampling by a waste water inspector. 

The theory of operation for the SSD system is that by penetrating the concrete floor slab with an exhaust pipe one gains access to the area beneath the slab. The area, often a gravel bed, serves as a... 

Coatings are applied to the outside or inside of the foundation, creating a radon-resistant barrier between the source and the inside of the home. They come in a wide variety of materials including paint-like products that can be brushed on the interior of the foundation, tar-like materials that are applied to the outside, and cementitious materials that can be brushed or troweled on. They cannot be applied to the underside of the concrete floor slab for obvious reasons, so they must be applied to the inside surface of the slab. The effective life of an interior coating can be greatly diminished by damage therefore, care must be taken to provide protection to the material used. 

ACI, Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Coinforced Concrete Construction, ACI302.1R-80, American Concrete institute, Detroit, MI, 1980. 

Picric acid, in common with several other polynitrophenols, is an explosive material in its own right and is usually stored as a water-wet paste. Several dust explosions of dry material have been reported [1]. It forms salts with many metals, some of which (lead, mercury, copper or zinc) are rather sensitive to heat, friction or impact. The salts with ammonia and amines, and the molecular complexes with aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. are, in general, not so sensitive [2], Contact of picric acid with concrete floors may form the friction-sensitive calcium salt [3], Contact of molten picric acid with metallic zinc or lead forms the metal picrates which can detonate the acid. Picrates of lead, iron, zinc, nickel, copper, etc. should be considered dangerously sensitive. Dry picric acid has little effect on these metals at ambient temperature. Picric acid of sufficient purity is of the same order of stability as TNT, and is not considered unduly hazardous in regard to sensitivity [4], Details of handling and disposal procedures have been collected and summarised [5],... 

Impact damage occurred to one of 48 10 kg polypropylene tubs of calcium hypochlorite, each closed with a polythene lid, all supported on a wooden pallet and stretch-wrapped round the base with polyethylene film. The spilled material was swept up and discarded, and the pallet was moved to another part of the warehouse, and some 30 mins, later flames were seen at the base of the pallet [1]. Ignition was attributed to contact between residual solid hypochlorite on the pallet and lubricant drips on the concrete floor from fork lift traffic. Application of a dry powder extinguisher had little effect on the fire, but use of a 40 1 water extinguisher led to rapid escalation of the fire as contact between hypochlorite... 

In order to protect her new car, Maria needs to build a new garage. The concrete floor needs to be 64.125 square feet and is 9j feet long. How wide does it need to be ... 

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