America eastern North

Chrysosplenium enjoys a distribution that qualifies it for inclusion in several categories in this review. Members are known from northern Enrope, North America, eastern Asia (principally Japan), and extreme southern Sonth America. The similar flavonoid chemistry of the eastern North American-western North American species pair C. americanum and C. glechomaefolium was mentioned earlier, along with comments on apparent flavonoid differences between sections Alternifolia and Oppositifolia. 

Audubon Society and staff. Familiar Trees of North America Eastern Region. New York Knopf, 1987. 

Projected increases in nitrogen fertilizer production capacity by region are discussed in Chapter 4 of this manual. Most expansions will occur in Asia and Latin America North America, Eastern Europe, and Oceania will see little change in ce acity, whereas Eurasia and Western Europe are expected to reduce capacities by small amounts. 

Western Europe Far East North America Eastern Europe Latin America Rest of world... 

The largest production of acrylamide is in Japan the United States and Europe also have large production faciUties. Some production is carried out in the Eastern Bloc countries, but details concerning quantities or processes are difficult to obtain. The principal producers in North America are The Dow Chemical Company, American Cyanamid Company, and Nalco Chemical Company (internal use) Dow sells only aqueous product and American Cyanamid sells both Hquid and sohd monomer. In Europe, Chemische Eabrik Stockhausen Cie, Ahied CoUoids, The Dow Chemical Company, and Cyanamid BV are producers Dow and American Cyanamid are the only suppHers to the merchant market, and crystalline monomer is available from American Cyanamid. Eor Japan, producers are Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Mitsui Toatsu, and Nitto Chemical Industries Company (captive market). Crystals and solutions are available from Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi, whereas only solution monomer is available from Nitto. 

The market for optical fiber worldwide in 1992 was 2.8 billion corresponding to 10 million fiber kilometers (Mfk) (38). This can be broken down into the U.S. market (3.7 Mfk), the rest of North America (0.4 Mfk), northern Europe (4.1 Mfk), eastern Europe (2.6 Mfk), the Pacific Rim (2.8 Mfk), and elsewhere (0.3 Mfk). Most of the optical fiber is manufactured by only a few companies, the largest of which are AT T and Coming. Other producers include Alcatel, Eujikura, Eurakawa, Northern Telecom, Pirelli, and Sumitomo. The market for optical fibers is projected to reach 3.5 biUion by 1998. In addition, according to ElectroniCast (San Mateo, Ca.), the total market for passive optical components, optical electronics, connectors, and fiber-optic cable is predicted to increase from 1.76 billion (U.S.) in 1992 to over 4 billion in 1997, and 10 billion by 2002. 

Such repositioning inevitably means reduced production volume, and for the first time this century production in the last decade has been below that a decade earUer (Eig. 9). Most capacity reductions have been in North America and especiaUy eastern Europe. This has been offset in part by capacity increases in the Ear East. Rayon is no longer a significant component of carpets, and has lost the disposable diaper coverstock business to cheaper and more easUy processed polypropylene. It has, however, gained share in health and hygiene products and is now a principal component of tampons worldwide. 

In terms of consumption in the Eastern vs the Western Hemisphere, the data in Table 4 show that not only is most of the world s petroleum produced in the Eastern Hemisphere (71%), but it is also consumed largely in that region (65%), with 8.5% in Japan alone. The surplus production in the Eastern Hemisphere (597 x 10 m /d (3.8 x 10 bbl/d)) is consumed in the Western Hemisphere, mosdy in North America. The Western Hemisphere thereby produces 29% of the world s total production, or about 82% of the petroleum that it consumes. 

The chlorohydrin process involves reaction of propylene and chlorine in the presence of water to produce the two isomers of propylene chlorohydrin. This is followed by dehydrochlorination using caustic or lime to propylene oxide and salt. The Dow Chemical Company is the only practitioner of the chlorohydrin process in North America. However, several companies practice the chlorohydrin process at more than 20 locations in Germany, Italy, Bra2il, Japan, Eastern Europe, and Asia. 

Commercial and Artificial Processing. Commercially, silkworm cocoons are extracted in hot soapy water to remove the sticky sericin protein. The remaining fibroin or stmctural sdk is reeled onto spools, yielding approximately 300—1200 m of usable thread per cocoon. These threads can be dyed or modified for textile appUcations. Production levels of sdk textiles in 1992 were 67,000 metric tons worldwide. The highest levels were in China, at 30,000 t, foUowed byJapan, at 17,000 t, and other Asian and Oceanian countries, at 14,000 t (24). Less than 3000 metric tons are produced annually in each of eastern Europe, western Europe, and Latin America almost no production exists in North America, the Middle East, or Africa. 1993 projections were for a continued worldwide increase in sdk textile production to 75,000 metric tons by 1997 and 90,000 metric tons by 2002 (24). 

Asiatic clams are freshwater moUusks. They probably origiaated ia China or eastern Asia and were iatroduced iato North America and Europe ia the past century. They were originally found ia warm water but their territory now extends to Minnesota. They have not yet been seen ia Canadian rivers or lakes. 

Candida utilis is grown on sulfite waste Hquor in Western Europe and North America, on sugar cane molasses in Cuba and Taiwan and on ceUulose acid hydrolysates in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. C. ///i/if utilizes hexoses, pentoses, and many organic acids. Sulfite Hquor from hardwoods contains 2—3% fermentable sugars of which 20% are hexoses and 80% pentoses in softwood Hquors the proportions are reversed. The SO2 must be stripped out to allow yeast growth, which is carried out in large, highly-aerated fermentors. Eor continuous fermentations, carried out at pH 4 and 30°C, the dilution rate is 0.27—0.30 (34). 

Consumption. Worldwide cocoa bean consumption has increased significantly over the past 10 years from approximately 1.5 million t in the 1979—1980 crop year to almost 2.3 million t today. This growth was uneven between East and West. North America and Western Europe increased grind by approximately 200% over this time period whereas Russia and Eastern Europe dropped 11%. Table 3 gives the aimual tonnage of cocoa bean grind by the United States and other leading countries. 

Juglone [481-39-0] (Cl Natural Brown 7 Cl 75500) was isolated from the husks of walnuts in 1856 (50). Juglone belongs to the Juglandaceae family of which there are a number of species Jug/ans cinerea (butter nuts), J. regia (Persian walnuts), and J. nigra (black walnuts). Persian walnuts were known to the ancient Romans who brought them over from Asia Minor to Europe. As early as 1664, the American colonists knew how to extract the brown dye from the nuts of the black walnut and butternut trees, both native to eastern North America (51). 

The impact of acid deposition on forests depends on the quantity of acidic components received by the forest system, the species present, and the soil composition. Numerous studies have shown that widespread areas in the eastern portion of North America and parts of Europe are being... 

Whelpdale, D. M., and Barrie, L. A., ]. Air Water Soil Pollut. 14, 133-157 (1982). National Research Council, "Acid Deposition Atmospheric Processes in Eastern North America." National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983. 

In the application of the model to eastern North America, the mixing height is varied seasonally, and hourly precipitation data are used. 

Bhunvralkar, C. M., Johnson, W. B., Mancuso, R. L., Thuillier, R. A., Wolf, D. E., and Nitz, K. C., Interregional exchanges of airbom sulfur pollution and deposition in Eastern North America, in "Conference Papers, Second Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology." American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1980, pp. 225-231. 

In the early 1990s it was estimated that the geographical breakdown for production capacity was Western Europe 26%, North America 33%, Japan 8%, Eastern Europe 8% and Rest of the World 25%. 

This plant is louud wild io North America and iu Eastern Asia. The Oil has been examined by Vilmorin and LevaJlais,i It is aa amber-yellow liquid, soluble Iu all proportions of 95 par cenl,. o[ 85 per cent, alcohol. It has the following characten... 

Acid deposition is of greatest concern wherever there are large amounts ol lossil fuel combustion upwind of an area. Eastern North America, large areas of Europe, and eastern Asia all receive acidic deposition. Acidic deposition is especially a concern when poorly buffered soils, with little acid-neutralizing capacity, are impacted. In North America, large areas of eastern Canada, the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York, and sections of New England all are considered acid sensitive areas, where resistant bedrocks and thin soils prevent significant neutralization of acidity. 

The documentation of regional level terrestrial consequences of acid deposition is complicated. For example, forested ecosystems m eastern North America can he influenced by other factors such as high atmospheric ozone concentrations, drought, insect outbreaks and disease, sometimes from non-native sources. However there is a general consensus on some impacts of acidic depositon on both soils and forests m sensitive regions. 

Acid deposition is a regional problem wherever large amounts of fossil fuels are consumed. There have been significant efforts in both Europe and North America to reduce acid deposition because of its many deleterious effects. This effort has focused mainly on the reduction of SO, emissions. In the future acid deposition tvill have to be addressed in eastern Asia, where rapid industrialization and increased use of fossil fuels is likely. 

While natural emissions of sulphur and nitrogen exist, over 95% of the sulphur emissions in eastern North America are of man-made origin. Natural sources of nitrogen are less well estabUshed but are estimated to be small when compared to the man-made emissions 21). The distribution of North American sources of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are shown in Figure 2. In 1980, which has served as the base period for the assessment of emissions,it was estimated that sulphur dioxide emissions were Canada - 4.8 million tonnes (metric) and the United States - 24 million tonnes nitrogen oxides emissions were Canada - 1.8 million tonnes and the United States - 20 million tonnes. The more recent trends for sulphur dioxide emissions in Canada and the emission control limits are shown in Figure 3 14). 

As treated in other chapters of this book, air masses often transport acidic pollutants thousands of kilometres from their original source prior to deposition. Because air mass and storm movements tend to follow regular patterns, there is a strong linkage between the sources of pollutants and the areas that receive the acidic deposition. In eastern North America, the air mass movements and storm tracks are, on the average, from southwest towards the northeast. This serves to carry the emitted pollutants from the industrial "heartland over the more rural and comparatively pristine area of the northeast United States and southeastern Qmada (14). The spatial distribution of sulphate deposition over the eastern United States and Canada in 1980 is shown in Figure 4 (17). 

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