Security verification

Fig. 26. Photograph of a compact version of the optical correlator for security verification that uses photorefractive polymers...

Javidi B. Zhang G. S. Li J. (1996). Experimental Demonstration of the Random Phase Encoding Technique for Image Encryption and Security Verification, Opt Eng., Vol.35, pp.2506-2512... 

Javidi, B. Horner, J. L. (1994). Optical pattern recognition for validation and security verification. Optical Engineering, Vol. 33, pp. 1752-1756,1994... 

PhotMefractive (PR) polymers are multifunctional field-responsive materials that combine photoconducting and electro-optic propoties. hi this charter, we will review the basics of photorefiactivity in polymers and liquid crystals and describe recent advances that have led to highly efficient materials. These advances in material development enable a variety of photonic aiqilications including optical correlators for security verification. 

Audits of each phase of the study should include personnel training, preparation of collection forms, application calibration, each sample collection procedure, sample transport, each type of chemical analysis, data recording, data entry, data verification and data storage. Data collection in the field is often tedious if automated logging devices are not in place. To ensure data integrity, the paper and ink used for field studies should be waterproof. Each data collection form should contain appropriate locations for information detailing the time and location of sample collection, sample transport and sample analysis. Data collection forms should be stored in an orderly fashion in a secure location immediately upon return of field teams from the field at the end of each day. It is also important for data quality for studies to collect necessary field data seven days per week when required. In our experience, poor study quality is likely when field sample and data collection do not proceed on weekends. 

Q10. You have secured the post of Head of Structural Verification in a small pharmaceutical company (by the strategic deployment of some particularly interesting pictures of the chairman at last year s Xmas party) and you have a capital budget of 350 000 for the year. What do you spend it on ... 

Practical needs for analysis come from the activities of industrial enterprises and government functions that span manufacturing, shipping, communications, domestic power, water supplies, waste disposal, forensic analysis, environmental policies, international verification of quality and quantity (metrology), and far from least of all, national security. The need for measurements of chemicals is ubiquitous—measurements of the mass and dimensions of chemical substances and of their capacity to adsorb heat, to absorb or reflect light, and to respond to pressure and temperature. Many measurements also must be made under varying constraints of speed, cost, and location of the measurement. 

Release data related to the SCADA network only on a strict, need-to-know basis, and only to persons explicitly authorized to receive such information. Social engineering, the gathering of information about a computer or computer network via questions to naive users, is often the first step in a malicious attack on computer networks. The more information revealed about a computer or computer network, the more vulnerable the computer/network is. Never divulge data revealed to a SCADA network, including the names and contact information about the system operators/administrators, computer operating systems, and/or physical and logical locations of computers and network systems over telephones or to personnel unless they are explicitly authorized to receive such information. Any requests for information by unknown persons need to be sent to a central network security location for verification and fulfillment. People can be a weak link in an otherwise secure network. Conduct training and information awareness... 

Labeling operations must also receive special attention. The use of cut labels in the pharmaceutical industry has already disappeared. Electronic label counting and verification are the norm, with bar codes, universal product codes (UPCs) or health industry bar codes (HIBCs) being used more frequently as label identifiers. The storage of labels is very important for both security and preservation reasons. The verification of labeling at the final label application point is also becoming more popular, since the the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has identified errors. 

The order of testing should be considered to ensure any instance of retesting is minimized, (e.g., document records need to be verified before documents can be used in other verifications/tests, and access security should be satisfactorily tested before system access is required for other qualification activities). 

System access security Diagnostic checks Operator interfaces Software installation verification Software backup and restoration Control and monitoring loop operation Alarm, event, and message handling Safety and operational interlocks... 

In this first case, system security is associated with preventing the accidental or intentional alteration and corruption of the data to be displayed on the screen, or be used to make a decision to control the operation. To avoid accidental or intentional loss of data, the data collected must be defined, along with the procedures used to collect it, and the means to verily its integrity, accuracy, reliability, and consistency. A failure modes-and-effects analysis (FMEA) is one of many methods used to uncover and solve these factors. For example, to avoid data corruption, an ongoing verification program (Chapter 18) should be implemented. 

We already mentioned the surplus of security that will happen between the business needs of an operator, and the societal needs as defined by public authorities. We can expect that governments will set goals, and the deployment of solutions will be the responsibility of the CII operators. But, in absence of standards and compliance verification, any implementation (or lack of) will be difficult to ascertain. And when a failure will happen, any elucidation will arrive too late. 

Chemical weapon disarmament has progressed far since the first attempts were made a 100 years previously to outlaw the use of chemical weapons in war. The CWC still holds the best promise for reducing the threat of chemical warfare by building an environment of confidence and security. As well as instruments of verification and inspection, the CWC also possesses resort to aid and assistance in the area of chemical warfare defences in case of attack. In the final analysis, however, the overriding aim of the CWC continues to be the effective ban of all chemical weapons, complemented by the desire to promote the peaceful use of chemicals in industry. Whether such incentives will balance the pressure to acquire such weapons remains to be seen. 

The molecular nature of this carbon allows the spectroscopic identification [15, 108] of this intermediate and several oxocomplexes serving as precursor compounds [105, 109, 110]. On this basis the reactivity of fullerenes in oxidation is now understood in detail and the reaction scenario is secured by experimental verification [106, 107, 111]. 

Symposium on International Safeguards Verification and Nuclear Material Security, Vienna, Austria, October 29-November 2, 2001. 

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