Specificity probes

Tortonese, M. and Kirk, M., Characterization of application specific probes for SPMs. SPIE, 3009, 53-60(1997). 

Probe/Insirumentalion Developments The principles of good practice in the design, construction and location of corrosion probes have been reviewed. Specific probe designs which acknowledge hydrodynamic influences and the combined effects of mass and heat transfer have been developed. 

Suzuki, N., etal. (1991). Studies on the chemiluminescent detection of active oxygen species 9-acridone-2-sulfonic acid, a specific probe for superoxide. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55 1561-1564. 

If the genetic lesion is understood and a specific probe is available, prenatal diagnosis is possible. DNA from cells collected from as little as 10 mL of amniotic fluid (or by chorionic villus biopsy) can be analyzed by Southern blot transfer. A fetus with the restriction pattern AA in Figure 40-10 does not have sickle cell disease, nor is it a carrier. A fetus with the SS pattern will develop the disease. Probes are now available for this type of analysis of many genetic diseases. 

Much of the pioneering work which led to the discovery of efficient catalysts for modern Industrial catalytic processes was performed at a time when advanced analytical Instrumentation was not available. Insights Into catalytic phenomena were achieved through gas adsorption, molecular reaction probes, and macroscopic kinetic measurements. Although Sabatier postulated the existence of unstable reaction Intermediates at the turn of this century. It was not until the 1950 s that such species were actually observed on solid surfaces by Elschens and co-workers (2.) using Infrared spectroscopy. Today, scientists have the luxury of using a multitude of sophisticated surface analytical techniques to study catalytic phenomena on a molecular level. Nevertheless, kinetic measurements using chemically specific probe molecules are still the... 

B. Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from hypocotyls of P. vulgaris and hybridised to a radioactive pg/p-specific probe. 

The current example illustrates PVDOS formulation as an effective basis for comparison of experimental and theoretical NIS data for ferrous nitrosyl tetraphe-nylporph3Tin Fe(TPP)(NO), which was done [101] along with other ferrous nitrosyl porphyrins. Such compounds are designed to model heme protein active sites. In particular, the elucidation of the vibrational dynamics of the Fe atom provides a unique opportunity to specifically probe the contribution of Fe to the reaction dynamics. The geometrical structure of Fe(TPP)(NO) is shown in Fig. 5.16. 

In order to conduct basic research and address the need for reagents and standards, several cell lines have been modified to express individual transporters. These can serve as a source of active protein to validate a chemical as a substrate or inhibitor, or as a source of protein to validate the specificity of an antibody. In order for this approach to be sufficiently robust to establish specificity (and to minimize false-negative findings), all of the key proteins need to be available and active in the system. However, as specific probes are being increasingly identified and developed, valuable mechanistic studies can be performed with the transporters and substrates/inhibitors that are currently available. 

In addition, the availability of specific probes for transporters will allow the generation of data to create transporter structure activity models for the transporters [23], and this provide the ability to design rationally around any transporter-related... 

The PCR primers and the fluorogenic probes for the studied targets were designed using the Primer Express Software 1.7 (PE Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA). To normalize the quantitative data, specific probes for the TATA-bind-ing protein mRNA were used as an internal control. 

Xia X, Rasmussen T, Alvarez X, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using an old world monkey Y chromosome-specific probe combined with immunofluorescence staining on rhesus monkey tissues./. Histochem. Cytochem. 2007 55 1115-1121. 

Lee, K.N., Maxwell, M.D., Patterson Jr., M.K., Birckbichler, P.J., and Conway, E. (1992) Identification of transglutaminase substrates in HT29 colon cancer cells Use of 5-(bio-tinamido)pentylamine as a transglutaminase-specific probe. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1136, 12-16. 

In a DNA array, gene-specific probes are created and immobilized on a chip (silicon wafer, nylon or glass array substrate). Biological samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes or radioactivity. These labeled samples are then incubated with the probes to allow hybridizations to take place in a high fidelity manner. After incubation, non-hybridized samples are washed away and spot fluorescent or radioactivity signals resulting from hybridization can be detected. 

Adapted cells were harvested at 0 h, 1 h, and 3 h, and total RNA was isolated as described in Materials and Methods. Northern hybridization with the ars specific probe (A) and the hydA specific probe (B) are shown. 

Spaldin, V., Madden, S., Adams, D.A., Edwards, R.J., Davies, D.S. and Park, B. K. (1995) Determination of human hepatic cytochrome P4501A2 activity in vitro use of tacrine as an isoenzyme-specific probe. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 23 (9), 929-934. 

H, X.Q., Bjorkman, A., Andersson, T.B., Ridderstrom, M. and Masimirembwa, C.M. (2002) Amodiaquine clearance and its metabolism to N-desethylamodiaquine is mediated by CYP2 C8 a new high affinity and turnover enzyme-specific probe substrate. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 300 (2), 399-407. 

Table III summarizes the parameters that affect Brrfnsted acid-catalyzed surface reactions. The range of reaction conditions investigated varies widely, from extreme dehydration at high temperatures in studies on the use of clay minerals as industrial catalysts, to fully saturated at ambient temperatures. Table IV lists reactions that have been shown or suggested to be promoted by Br nsted acidity of clay mineral surfaces along with representative examples. Studies have been concerned with the hydrolysis of organophosphate pesticides (70-72), triazines (73), or chemicals which specifically probe neutral, acid-, and base-catalyzed hydrolysis (74). Other reactions have been studied in the context of diagenesis or catagenesis of biological markers (22-24) or of chemical synthesis using clays as the catalysts (34, 36). Mechanistic interpretations of such reactions can be found in the comprehensive review by Solomon and Hawthorne (37).

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