Carbon bulk-modified

F. Ghamouss, S. Ledru, N. Ruille, F. Lantier, and M. Boujtita, Bulk-modified modified screen-printing carbon electrodes with both lactate oxidase (LOD) and horseradish peroxide (HRP) for the determination of 1-lactate in flow injection analysis mode. Anal. Chim. Acta 570, 158-164 (2006). 

LOD incorporated in bulk-modified ink Platinised carbon - - 10 350 32 Hart et al. [62]... 

E. Turkusic, K. Kalcher, K. Schachl, A. Komersova, M. Bartos, H. Mode-regger, I. Svancara and K. Vytras, Amperometric determination of glucose with an MnC>2 and glucose oxidase bulk-modified screen-printed carbon ink biosensor, Anal. Lett., 34 (2001) 2633-2647. 

The CV curves obtained for carbons with preadsorbed copper shown in Figs. 45 (curves b, b, c, c ) and 46 (a-a")) exhibit only slight peaks of the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple and broad waves due to the redox reaction of surface carbon functionalities (.see Section IV). However, preadsorbed copper enhances the peaks of the redox process in bulk solution (especially the anodic peaks for D—H and D—Ox samples), as can be seen in Fig. 46 (curves c-c"). The low electrochemical activity of samples with preadsorbed copper species observed in neutral solution is the result of partial desorption (ion exchange with Na ) of copper as well as the formation of an imperfect metalic layer (microcrystallites). Deactivation of the carbon electrode as a result of spontaneous reduction of metal ions (silver) was observed earlier [279,280]. The increase in anodic peaks for D—H and D—Ox modified samples with preadsorbed copper suggests that in spite of electrochemical inactivity, the surface copper species facilitate electron transfer reactions between the carbon electrode and the ionic form at the electrode-solution interface. The fact that the electrochemical activity of the D—N sample is lowest indicates the formation of strong complexes between ad.sorbed cations and surface nitrogen-containing functionalities (similar to porphyrin) [281]. Between —0.35 V and -1-0.80 V, copper (II) in the porphyrin complex (carbon electrode modifier) is not reduced, so there can be no reoxidation peak of copper (0) [281]. 

Filanovsky, B. (1999). Electrochemical response of new carbon electrodes bulk modified with cobalt phthalocyanine to some thiols in the presence of heptane or human urine. Anal. Chim. Acta 394, 91-100. 

Beyene, N.W., Moderegger, H., and Kalcher, K. (2003) A stable glutamate biosensor based on MnOj bulk-modified screen-printed carbon electrode and Nafion film-immobilized glutamate oxidase. S. Afr. J. Chem., 56, 54- 59. 

ArgueUo J, Magosso HA, Ramos RR, Canevaii TC, Landers R, Pimentel VL, Gushikem Y (2009) Structural and electrochemical characterization of a cobalt phthalocyanine bulk-modified SiO /SnOj carbon ceramic electrode. Electrochim Acta 54 1948-1953... 

To overcome the limitations of conductivity, bulk-modified sol-gels can be used (113). These electrodes incorporate conductive materials into the gel. The resulting structures are able to serve as a carbon-paste-like electrode (see Chapter 5). The sol-gel backbone is solid-like, providing a mechanically robust and convenient electrode embodiment. 

Wang XL, Wang EB, Lan Y, Hu CW (2002) Renewable PMol2-based inorganic-organic hybrid material bulk-modified carbon paste electrode preparation, electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Electroanalysis 14 1116-1121... 

Pauliukaite R, Metelka R, Svancara I, Krolicka A, Bobrowski A, Norkus E, Kalcher K, V) tras K (2004) Screen-printed carbon electrodes bulk-modified with Bi203 or Sb203 for trace determination of some heavy metals. Sci Pap Univ Pardubice A 10 47-58... 

Fig. 3.24 Test of the tensile strength hysteresis of hysteresis (Everett and Burgess ). TjT, is plotted against — Tq/Po where is the critical temperature and p.. the critical pressure, of the bulk adsorptive Tq is the tensile strength calculated from the lower closure point of the hysteresis loop. C), benzene O. xenon , 2-2 dimethyl benzene . nitrogen , 2,2,4-trimethylpentane , carbon dioxide 4 n-hexane. The lowest line was calculated from the van der Waals equation, the middle line from the van der Waals equation as modified by Guggenheim, and the upper line from the Berthelot equation. (Courtesy Everett.)...

Stmcture is usually measured by a void volume test such as the absorption of dibutyl phthalate (DBPA) (15), or by bulk density measurements of the carbon black under compression. In order to eliminate the effects of pelletizing conditions the DBPA test has been modified to use a sample that has been precompressed at a pressure of 165 MPa (24,000 psi) and then broken up four successive times (24M4) (16). This procedure causes some aggregate breakdown and is claimed to more closely approximate the actual breakdown that occurs duting mbber mixing. 

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