Carbon prints

Kohle,/. coal charcoal carbon, kohlebeheizt, a. heated with coal, coal-fired. Kohle-chemie, /. coal(tar) chemistry, -druck, m. Photog.) carbon print, -fadenlampe, /. carbon-filament lamp, -feuerung, /. heating with coal coal furnace, kohlefrei, a. carbon-free. 

FOR jrow = 1 TO numlay Odd numbers are total carbon PRINT 1, USING ". y(3 jrow - 2) ... 

Next, an attempt was made to evaluate the quantitative importance of the various reaction schemes [19]. To this effect, a printed compilation of 1900 reactions dealing with the introduction of one carbon atom bearing a functional group [20] was analyzed and each reaction assigned manually to a corresponding reaction scheme. The results are Hsted in Table 3-3. 

Black Pigments. The only black pigment used to an appreciable extent in inks is carbon black It is used in newsprinting, pubHcation, commercial and packaging printing therefore, in large quantities. Black pigments ate offered in fluffy or beaded forms and in a variety of particle sizes and physical properties. 

Although the black inks are predominantly based on mineral oil, colors are almost entirely formulated with a soya bean oil vehicle. The superior printabHity of colors and economics of blacks guide the selection of product types by the market. Recently developed low mb blacks offer smudge-resistant print. Their share of the market is growing rapidly. The low mb characteristics of these inks are produced through the use of low stmcture carbon black. The addition of resin further enhances the smudge resistance but imposes a premium price. 

Alkaline sizing agents are especially effective in milk-carton board and printing and writing grades that utilize calcium carbonate fillers. 

The aimual worldwide production of carbon blacks, which iaclude a large variety of carbonaceous products, was estimated to be around six million metric tons ia 1994. More than 90% of this pigment is consumed by the mbber iadustries, ia particular, by the tire iadustry as a reinforcing agent. The rest (- 500, 000 t) is used for coloring plastics, printing inks, and paints. Particle size of carbon blacks varies from 5 to 500 p.m and can be controlled by the process conditions and feedstock (see Carbon, carbon black). 

Barium acetate [543-80-6] Ba(C2H202)2, crystallines from an aqueous solution of acetic acid and barium carbonate or barium hydroxide. The level of hydration depends on crystallization temperature. At <24.7°C the trihydrate, density 2.02 g/mL is formed from 24.7 to 41 °C barium acetate monohydrate [5908-64-5] density 2.19 g/mL precipitates and above 41 °C the anhydrous salt, density 2.47 g/mL results. The monohydrate becomes anhydrous at 110°C. At 20°C, 76 g of the monohydrate dissolves in 100 g of water. Barium acetate is used in printing fabrics, lubricating grease, and as a catalyst for organic reactions. 

Calcium carbonate is one of the most versatile mineral fillers (qv) and is consumed in a wide range of products including paper (qv), paint (qv), plastics, mbber, textiles (qv), caulks, sealants (qv), and printing inks (qv). High purity grades of both natural and precipitated calcium carbonate meet the requirements of the Food Chemicals Codex and the United States Pharmacopeia and are used in dentifrices (qv), cosmetics (qv), foods, and pharmaceuticals (qv). 

Calcium carbonate continues to be used in its original appHcation, putty, as weU as caulks, sealants (qv), adhesives (qv), and printing inks (qv). Large volumes are used in carpet backing and in joint cements. It is used to improve body, reinforcement, and other properties. 

Solvent Recovery. Most of the activated carbon used in gas-phase applications is employed to prevent the release of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. Much of this use has been in response to environmental regulations, but recovery and recycling of solvents from a range of industrial processes such as printing, coating, and extmsion of fibers also provides substantial economic benefits. 

U.S. consumption of carbon black in 1988 by various market sectors is shown in Table 6. About 90% of total consumption is in the mbber industry and 69% for tires. About 10% is consumed for other automotive products and 11% for mbber products unrelated to the automotive industry. The automotive industry accounts for 79% of consumption. Pigment appHcations account for about 10% of consumption, most of this for plastics and printing inks. Western Europe consumes 74% in tires and other automotive products and almost 20% in other industrial mbber products. Pigment appHcations in Western Europe and Japan are 5—6% of consumption. 

Table 11 Hsts the types and appHcations of special pigment-grade carbon blacks. Included in this Hst are thermal black and lampblack. Over 40 special black grades have been developed based on the furnace process having a broad range of surface areas, from 20 m /g to over 1500 m /g. The lower surface area products are used in printing inks and tinting. The high area, more expensive products find use in high color enamels and lacquers.

Carbon Disulfide, Technical-Grade, United StatesFederal Specification, Document No. O-C-131, Government Printing Office, Washiagton, D.C., Jan. 29, 1952 and Apr. 14,1954. 

Criteriafor a Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide, DHEW(NIOSH) PubUcation No. 77-156, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1977. 

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