Saponification palmitate

Hydroxide ions react to split ( hydrolyse ) natural esters in the skin to form glycerol (II) and palmitic or stearic acid - a reaction called saponification. Palmitic and stearic acids subsequently react with the base to form the respective long-chain carboxylate anions - which is soap. 

Bayberry Wax. Bayberry wax [8038-77-5] is removed from the surface of the berry of the bayberry (myrtle) shmb by boiling the berries in water and skimming the wax from the surface of the water. The wax is green and made up primarily of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acid esters. The wax has a melting point of 45°C, an acid number of 15, a saponification number of 220, and an iodine number of 6. The wax has an aromatic odor and is used primarily in the manufacture of candles and other products where the distinctive odor is desirable. 

However, complete hydrolysis of carotenoid esters sometimes is not achieved in 1 to 3 hr. The saponification degree can be verified easily by the presence of carotenol ester peaks eluting later than the peaks of P-carotene on reversed phase columns. Retinol palmitate, added as an internal standard to orange juice, also serves to indicate whether saponification is complete, since it is converted to retinol which elutes at lower retention time. The mixture is subsequently washed with water until free of alkali in a separatory funnel. Other more polar solvents such as CH2CI2 or EtOAc, and diethyl ether alone or mixtured with petroleum ether can be used to increase the recovery of polar xanthophylls from the water phase. 

Saponification value of palmitic acid mass of KOH = 1.00 g palmitic acid... 

Soaps are the detergents used since long. Soaps used for cleaning purpose are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids, e.g., stearic, oleic and palmitic acids. Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification. 

An early synthesis of A5-palmitoy]-.S -[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine employed cysteine methyl ester, however, this leads to difficulties in the saponification step of the tri-palmitoylated residue. 96 The optimized procedure, in which the cystine di-fert-butyl ester is used, 90 is outlined in Scheme 6 after N-acylation with palmitoyl chloride, the ester is reduced to the cysteine derivative for S-alkylation with l-bromopropane-2,3-diol to yield chirally defined isomers if optically pure bromo derivatives are used. Esterification of the hydroxy groups is best carried out with a 1.25-fold excess of palmitic acid, DCC, and DMAP. The use of a larger excess of palmitoyl chloride is not recommended due to purification problems. The diastereomeric mixture can be separated by silica gel chromatography using CH2Cl2/EtOAc (20 1) as eluent and the configuration was assigned by comparison with an optically pure sample obtained with 2R)- -bromopropane-2,3-diol. 

Enzymatic hydrolysis is a nondestructive alternative to saponification for removing triglycerides in vitamin K determinations. For the simultaneous determination of vitamins A, D, E, and K in milk- and soy-based infant formulas and dairy products fortified with these vitamins (81), an amount of sample containing approximately 3.5-4.0 g of fat was digested for 1 h with lipase at 37°C and at pH 7.7. This treatment effectively hydrolyzed the glycerides, but only partially converted retinyl palmitate and a-tocopheryl acetate to their alcohol forms vitamin D and phyllo-quinone were unaffected. The hydrolysate was made alkaline in order to precipitate the fatty acids as soaps and then diluted with ethanol and extracted with pentane. A final water wash yielded an organic phase containing primarily the fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol. 

Olive oil is largely glyceryl oleate, and palm oil, glyceryl palmitate. When warmed with solutions of caustic alkalies, these fats are decomposed, yieldmg soaps, hence the term saponification. Thus, for example, with sodium hydroxide, glyceryl stearate yields free glycerine and sodium stearate, which latter is a sodium soap. Thus... 

Some carboxylic acids are called fatty acids because they come from fats or lipids. The interesting thing is that if the fat is boiled with sodium hydroxide solution it breaks up. The sodium salts of the acids are soft to the skin, lather in water and are called soaps . This breaking up of the fat ester into the soap is called saponification . Soaps contain groups like RCOONa, where R is CH3(CH2)i6COO-or sodium stearate. Other long-chain acids in soaps are mixtures of palmitic acid, oleic acid, hence the name Palmolive ... 

Watermelon seed oil was prepared and evaluated for its physicochemical properties (22, 23). The seed oil consisted of 59.6% linoleic acid (18 2n-6) and 78.4% total unsaturated fatty acids (Table 4). The predominant fatty acid in the oil was linoleic acid, which was followed by oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Linolenic, palmitoleic, and myristic acids were minor constituents. The refractive index, acid value, peroxide value, and free fatty acids of watermelon seed oil were determined to be 1.4696 (25°C), 2.82 (mg KOH/g oil), 3.40 (mequiv oxygen/kg oil), and 1.41 (% as oleic acid), respectively. The saponification value of watermelon seed oil was 201 (mg KOH/g oil), and its iodine value was 115 (g iodine/100-g oil), which was significantly higher than pumpkin at 109 (g iodine/lOO-g oil) (22, 23). 

Soap consists of the sodium and potassium salts of various fatty acids such as oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic acids. The saponification for the formation of soap from aqueous caustic soda and glyceryl stearate is... 

Saponification.—With a fat, which is a glycerol ester of a higher fatty acid, typified by glyceryl tri-palmitate, the reaction yields glycerol and the salt of the acid or acids, present, as follows ... 

The sodium or potassium salt of palmitic acid, or of stearic acid or the mixed salts of several acids obtained from ordinary fats, is the common substance known as soap. This particular reaction of hydrolysis, is, therefore, known, also, as a reaction of saponification (soap formation). Strictly speaking the reaction of saponification applies only to the alkaline hydrolysis of fats, i,e., of glycerol esters, but, as the hydrolysis of other esters is a reaction of exactly the same character, the term is used to apply equally to the hydrolysis of any ester in presence of an alkali. In the case of the lower alcohol and lower acid esters, e.g., ethyl acetate, the salt formed is not a soap but is a crystalline salt, sodium acetate. 

As commercially made by the saponification of fats, soaps are not pure chemical individuals but consist of a mixture of the alkali-metal salts of the several fatty acids contained as esters in the original fat or oil. The composition of soap, therefore, depends upon the composition of the fat from which it is made. As the common fats and oils which are used for this purpose contain, mostly the glycerol esters of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, the common soaps are mixtures of sodium, or potassium, palmitate, stearate and oleate. We shall consider now,... 

Saponification Niunber, Koetstorffer Value.—When an ester is saponified the reaction is quantitative. In the case of a pure glycerol ester, e.g., glyceryl tri-palmitate, saponification is in accordance with the following reaction ... 

Alexander and Rideal (30) found that the hydrolysis of a monolayer of ethyl palmitate on alkali became unusually slow as the reaction proceeded. They suggested that the reason for this decrease in rate lay in a reduced concentration of hydroxyl ions at the surface due to repulsion by the negative charge upon the interface, for which the palmitate ions formed in the saponification were responsible. 

Properties A drying oil similar in properties and uses to linseed. Edible, iodine value approximately 160, d 0.923, refr index 1.470-1.472. Contains approximately 10% saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic), unsaturated acids present are linoleic, lin-olenic, and oleic. Saponification value 190-193. 

Waste oil was collected from the restaurant in South China University of Technology. The saponification value was 200.3 mg KOH/g, from which, the average molecular weight of the waste oil was known to be 840.2. Novozym 435 (lipase B from Candida antarctica, 164 U/g, limit corresponds to the amount of enzyme that produces 1 pmol methyl oleate from triolein per minute at 35 °C) was kindly donated by Novozymes Co. (Denmark). Methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate and methyl heptadecanoate (as an internal standard) were purchased from Sigma (USA). All other chemicals were also obtained commercially and of analytical grade. Ultrasonic irradiation experiments were carried out using an ultrasonic bath (Type NP-B-400-15 Newpower Co. Ltd., China). 

Stearic acid 432 CH3(CH2) 16 02 A white, crystalline fatty acid obtained by saponification of tallow or other hard fats containing stearin octadec-anolc acid. It malta to an oily liquid at 69.3 C. (1S6.7 P.). It Is used chiefly for making candles, usually with the addition of parrafln. Commercial stearic acid (stearine) is commonly a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids. 

Cetyl hydrate—Cetylio alcohol—CieHasOH—242—is obtained by the saponification of spermaceti (its palmitic ether). It is a white, crystalline solid fusible at 49° (120°. 2 F.) insoluble in HaO soluble in alcohol and ether tasteless and odorless. 

Lecithins are derived from glycerol by the replacement of the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups by certain acid radicals, one of which is the radical of phosphoric acid. When a lecithin is treated with barium hydroxide partial saponification takes place. Choline and palmitic, stearic or oleic acid are obtained, together with glycerophosphoric acid which has the constitution —... 

Problem 19.45. Write the equation for the saponification of the triacylglycerol containing one each of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. 

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