Safely and environmental

The purpose of the surface facilities is to deliver saleable hydrocarbons from the wellhead to the customer, on time, to specification, in a safe and environmentally acceptable manner. The main functions of the surface facilities are... 

Often the divergence in costs shown in Figure 14.11 does occur, and must be managed. The objective is to maintain production in a safe and environmentally responsible manner, while trying to contain or reduce costs. The approach to managing this problem is through reviewing... 

Review dikes, impoundments and spacing for tanks storing flammable materials. A sump inside a dike facilitates the collection of small spills. Sump drains or pumps can direct material to a safe and environmentally acceptable place. See the latest issue of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 30. 

Good housekeeping can play a major part in maintaining a safe and environmentally sound place of work. Tripping over material not tidied away causes many accidents. Another source of potential injury is in the lack of secure storage of cleaning equipment, tools, etc. 

The most important progress in the last decade has been in the design and synthesis of [RuCl2(diphosphine)(l,2-diamine)] catalysts exploiting the metal-ligand bifunctional concept developed by Noyori and co-workers.29-31 The Noyori catalysts seem to possess all of the desired properties, such as high turnover number (TON), high turnover frequency (TOF), and operationally simple, safe, and environmentally friendly reaction conditions. 

Enclosed, safe and environmentally attractive method of transport suitable to a wide variety of products, including those with bacteria-prone, toxic or explosive properties. 

Very recently, ethoxynonafluorobutane (ENFB) was evaluated as a safe and environmentally friendly NP solvent for the enantioselective separation of 15 compounds on two commercially available glycopeptides CSPs (vancomycin and teicoplanin), with APCI-MS detection [126]. 

Ding, J., Desai, M., and Armstrong, D.W., Evaluation of ethoxynonafluorobu-tane as a safe and environmentally friendly solvent for chiral normal-phase LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1076, 34, 2005. 

In terms of concentrate management, some disposal options are better suited to low volume and high concentration, while others are better suited to high volume with lower concentration. Ultimately there may be a balance between plant performance and disposal suitability. Plants with high recovery rates that produce a more concentrated brine must have the means to dispose of this concentrate in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. When suitable concentrate management is not achievable, the recovery of a plant may need to be compromised. 

Solvent flammability, the solvent, and dust loading in the atmosphere of the working environment and of the products in the ease of edible materials are ihe main factors that conslilute health and safety hazards in extraction plants. General safely and environmental standards must therefore he applied and due recognition taken of Ihe most recently published national regulations relating to acceptable threshold limit values (TLVs) for solvents and dusts. 

Heat engines for conversion of solar energy to electric power ideally should have lhe following attributes (1) low cost per kilowatt output capacity (2) long life and reliable operation with minimal maintenance (3) safe and environmentally acceptable operation (4) characteristics compatible with cycle top temperatures up to 1,000 K and (5) efficiency approaching Carnot values. 

More and more chemical companies do recognize the fact that their image, their reputation, plays a very important role in successful business. A proper image of the company is necessary to ensure public support for its activities. A study done in the United States showed that only the tobacco industry and the nuclear energy sector had a worse reputation than the chemical industry. The situation in Europe is probably not very much different. On the other hand, process intensification, deeply anchored in the philosophy of sustainable development, in safe and environmentally friendly processing, presents perhaps the simplest, the most obvious key to the improved image of the chemical industry. 

The combination of identifying metabolic compounds that are accessible by state-of-the-art techniques of metabolic pathway engineering, and examination of their synthetic application potential implies a number of advantages when compared with other current approaches to the production of new compound classes. On the one hand, this approach is based on sustainable access and the production of compounds by a safe and environmental friendly route (green chemistry). On the other hand, the amount of functionalization makes it possible to apply diversity-oriented chemical methods for modification (combinatorial chemistry). 

If this is a project sponsored by a for-profit company, the polymer chemist will need a synthetic procedure that is practical, safe, and environmentally benign, that can be scaled up for manufacturing, and that is inexpensive enough so the company can make a profit. It should come as no surprise that as the electronics industry continues to produce smaller and more sophisticated devices, the demand for new ideas and new materials remains extremely high. For one, a plastic semiconductor stable in air (Anon. CEN 2002) or a polymeric transistor (Dagani 2001) that could replace silicon would eliminate the need for complicated and relatively expensive silicon fabrication technology. 

Finally, safety is always a prime consideration in the selection of an appropriate polymerization reactor. Venting to the atmosphere in a safe and environmentally sound manner should always be a part of polymerization reactor design. Some additional useful information and insight into the... 

Several key design issues must be considered for applications of reactors as XAS cells. First, the experiment has to be conducted in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. Specific safety concerns include the maximum operating temperature and pressure, the materials of construction, and compatibility with the chemicals and gases being... 

Commercial success of an industrial catalytic process depends on the feedstock cost, number of process steps, operability, reaction conditions, etc. A successful industrial process must strike the right balance between the selectivity and activity of the catalyst on the one hand, and its price and life on the other. Also, society demands that the manufacturing processes of the twenty-first century are inherently safe and environmentally friendly. 

Asymmetric hydrolysis has several specific advantages to offer. First of all it uses water as one of the reagents. Water is cheap, safe, and environmentally benign Second, chiral 1,2 diols are versatile building blocks for complex organic molecules. Finally, asymmetric catalytic epoxidation does not work for alkenes such as propylene. However, by this method a racemic mixture of... 

To develop and introduce cost-effective, durable, safe, and environmentally desirable fuel cell systems and hydrogen storage systems. Current fuel cell lifetimes are much too short and fuel cell costs are at least an order of magnitude too high. An on-board vehicular hydrogen storage system... 

Plant volatiles have been surveyed to find safe and environmentally friendly postharvest fumigants. Hexanal (171), 1-hexanol (172), ( )-2-hexen-l-ol (173), (Z)-6-nonenal (174), ( )-3-nonen-2-one (175), methyl salicylate (176), and methyl benzoate (177) exhibit potential to control the gray mold, Botrytis cinerea 02 (E)-2-hexenal (178), carvacrol (179), ( )-cinnamaldehyde (180), and citral (181) exhibited consistent fungicidal activities against Penicittium expansum, the cause of blue mould of pear.103 ( )-2-hexenal (178), carvacrol (179), and citral (181) were also effective against Monilinia laxa, the cause of brown rot in stone fruit.104... 

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